|
Total study participants
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
Age groups
|
162
|
339
| | | | | | |
|
18–29 years
|
22 (13.6)
|
75 (22.1)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
30–59 years
|
131 (80.9)
|
233 (68.7)
|
0.014
|
1.92
|
1.14–3.23
|
0.011
|
2.29
|
1.21–4.35
|
|
60+ years
|
9 (5.6)
|
31 (9.1)
|
0.982
|
0.99
|
0.41–2.39
|
0.551
|
1.37
|
0.49–3.84
|
|
Gender
|
174
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
Male
|
61 (35.1)
|
145 (38.8)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Female
|
113 (64.9)
|
229 (61.2)
|
0.404
|
1.17
|
0.81–1.71
|
0.052
|
1.56
|
1.00–2.45
|
|
Living status
|
174
|
371
| | | | | | |
|
Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others)
|
29 (16.7)
|
95 (25.6)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Live with family members (partner and/or children)
|
145 (83.3)
|
276 (74.4)
|
0.020
|
1.72
|
1.08–2.73
|
0.502
|
1.22
|
0.69–2.16
|
|
Born in Australia
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
127 (72.6)
|
200 (53.5)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
48 (27.4)
|
174 (46.5)
|
0.000
|
0.43
|
0.29–0.64
|
0.000
|
0.35
|
0.21–0.58
|
|
Completed level of education
|
175
|
373
| | | | | | |
|
Grade 1–12
|
19 (10.9)
|
50 (13.4)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Trade/Certificate/Diploma
|
26 (14.9)
|
59 (15.8)
|
0.679
|
1.16
|
0.58–2.34
|
0.414
|
0.72
|
0.32–1.59
|
|
Bachelor and above
|
130 (74.3)
|
264 (70.8)
|
0.372
|
1.30
|
0.74–2.29
|
0.129
|
0.58
|
0.29–1.17
|
|
Current employment condition
|
169
|
354
| | | | | | |
|
Unemployed/Home duties
|
28 (16.6)
|
35 (9.9)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss)
|
40 (23.7)
|
42 (11.9)
|
0.604
|
1.19
|
0.62–2.30
|
0.517
|
1.28
|
0.6–2.69
|
|
Have an income source (employed/Government benefits)
|
101 (59.8)
|
277 (78.2)
|
0.005
|
0.46
|
0.26–0.79
|
0.033
|
0.51
|
0.27–0.95
|
|
Perceived distress due to change of employment status
|
60
|
92
| | | | | | |
|
A little to none
|
6 (10.0)
|
31 (33.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Moderate to a great deal
|
54 (90.0)
|
61 (66.3)
|
0.002
|
4.57
|
1.77–11.8
|
0.011
|
4.14
|
1.39–12.4
|
|
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
113 (64.6)
|
202 (54.0)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
62 (35.4)
|
172 (46.0)
|
0.020
|
0.64
|
0.44–0.93
|
0.065
|
0.66
|
0.43–1.03
|
|
COVID-19 impacted financial situation
|
175
|
372
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
60 (34.3)
|
169 (45.4)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
115 (65.7)
|
203 (54.6)
|
0.014
|
1.60
|
1.10–2.32
|
0.297
|
1.26
|
0.82–1.95
|
|
Co-morbidities
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
91 (52.0)
|
184 (49.2)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Psychiatric/Mental health issues
|
12 (6.9)
|
29 (7.8)
|
0.626
|
0.84
|
0.41–1.72
|
0.952
|
1.02
|
0.49–2.12
|
|
Other co-morbidities*
|
72 (41.1)
|
161 (43.0)
|
0.598
|
0.90
|
0.62–1.32
|
0.698
|
1.09
|
0.69–1.72
|
|
Smoking
|
138
|
288
| | | | | | |
|
Never smoker
|
117 (84.8)
|
254 (88.2)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex)
|
21 (15.2)
|
34 (11.8)
|
0.326
|
1.34
|
0.75–2.41
|
0.430
|
1.31
|
0.67–2.59
|
|
Increased smoking over the last 4 weeks
|
21
|
34
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
12 (57.1)
|
22 (64.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
9 (42.9)
|
12 (35.3)
|
0.575
|
1.38
|
0.45–4.19
|
0.902
|
1.09
|
0.29–4.14
|
|
Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks)
|
174
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
131 (75.3)
|
215 (57.5)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
43 (24.7)
|
159 (42.5)
|
0.000
|
0.44
|
0.30–0.66
|
0.002
|
0.45
|
0.27–0.74
|
|
Increased alcohol drinking over the last 4 weeks
|
41
|
158
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
20 (48.8)
|
118 (74.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
21 (51.2)
|
40 (25.3)
|
0.002
|
3.10
|
1.52–6.30
|
0.003
|
3.64
|
1.54–8.58
|
|
Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
144 (82.3)
|
308 (82.4)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
31 (17.7)
|
66 (17.6)
|
0.985
|
1.01
|
0.63–1.61
|
0.929
|
0.98
|
0.57–1.67
|
|
Healthcare service use in the last 4 weeks
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
133 (76.0)
|
302 (80.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Visited healthcare providers in person
|
21 (12.0)
|
43 (11.5)
|
0.718
|
1.11
|
0.63–1.94
|
0.410
|
1.52
|
0.56–4.15
|
|
Telehealth consultation with healthcare providers/National helpline
|
21 (12.0)
|
29 (7.8)
|
0.103
|
1.64
|
0.90–2.99
|
0.163
|
3.21
|
0.62–16.5
|
|
Level of psychological distress (K10 categories)
|
174
|
373
| | | | | | |
|
Low (score 10–15)
|
39 (22.4)
|
166 (44.5)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Medium to Very high (score 16–50)
|
135 (77.6)
|
207 (55.5)
|
0.000
|
2.78
|
1.84–4.19
|
0.000
|
2.90
|
1.82–4.62
|
|
Level of coping (BRCS categories)
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
Low resilient copers (score 4–13)
|
170 (97.1)
|
364 (97.3)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Medium to high resilient copers (score 14–20)
|
5 (2.9)
|
10 (2.7)
|
0.902
|
1.07
|
0.36–3.18
|
0.953
|
0.96
|
0.28–3.32
|
|
Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 4 weeks
|
175
|
374
| | | | | | |
|
No
|
157 (89.7)
|
354 (94.7)
| |
1
| | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
18 (10.3)
|
20 (5.3)
|
0.037
|
2.03
|
1.04–3.94
|
0.002
|
3.54
|
1.57–7.99
|
