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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by origin

From: Beyond the healthy immigrant paradox: decomposing differences in birthweight among immigrants in Spain

 

Native Spanish

High-income countries

Non-high-income European countries

Africa

Latin America

Asia

All migrant born

Singleton births

2,401,964

65,220

100,773

127,040

223,162

25,942

542,137

%

82%

12%

19%

23%

41%

5%

100.0%

Mean Birthweight

3281.7

3318.1

3368.3

3407.4

3390.1

3320.7

3378.1

Infant sex %

 Male

51.3

51.0

51.5

51.7

51.2

52.0

51.4

 Female

48.7

49.0

48.5

48.3

48.8

48.0

48.6

Birth order %

 1st

54.4

53.9

58.0

38.4

49.0

44.4

48.5

 2nd - 3th

44.1

44.0

40.1

52.0

47.1

51.0

46.8

 4th+

1.5

2.1

1.9

9.6

3.9

4.5

4.7

Labor complications %

 Yes

13.1

13.9

12.2

14.2

15.9

11.6

14.4

 No

86.9

86.1

87.8

85.8

84.1

88.4

85.6

Caesarean delivery %

 Yes

22.9

22.5

18.4

20.2

24.8

20.7

22.1

 No

77.1

77.6

81.6

79.8

75.2

79.3

77.9

Age of mother %

  < 20

1.5

1.2

3.9

3.1

4.1

1.3

3.4

 20–30

30.2

28.3

58.8

56.1

45.1

63.2

49.1

 31+

68.3

70.6

37.3

40.8

50.8

35.5

47.6

Marital status of mother %

 Married/Partner

62.7

52.7

55.0

83.3

45.9

70.0

58.3

 Never married

33.7

42.8

39.4

14.8

48.3

28.2

37.2

 Separated/Divorced

3.4

4.2

5.3

1.8

5.6

1.7

4.3

 Widow

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

Education of mother %

 Primary or less

8.4

7.5

18.0

61.1

14.9

41.1

26.6

 Lower Secondary

20.4

17.7

33.8

20.9

32.4

31.1

28.1

 Upper Secondary

30.1

30.6

30.5

12.5

33.6

18.5

27.0

 University

41.1

44.3

17.8

5.5

19.2

9.3

18.3

Family class %

 Manager/Professional

16.2

19.6

5.6

1.8

7.9

3.9

7.2

 White Collar

26.0

27.4

9.4

3.3

12.2

4.6

11.0

 Service Workers

17.3

18.4

15.8

8.6

20.1

41.3

17.4

 Skilled Workers

15.4

9.4

13.1

8.7

7.8

3.6

9.0

 Unskilled Workers

7.4

6.6

19.6

15.1

11.5

9.6

13.2

 Inactive

17.7

18.7

36.6

62.6

40.6

37.0

42.2

Citizenship of mother %

 Spanish

99.8

38.9

1.5

6.8

31.8

5.2

19.9

 Other

0.2

61.1

98.5

93.2

68.2

94.9

80.1

Mean Age of father

34.4

35.3

33.0

36.8

33.5

32.5

34.3

Migratory status of father

 Native

94.3

64.3

24.7

7.7

34.6

6.9

28.7

 Migrant

5.7

35.7

75.4

92.3

65.4

93.2

71.3