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Table 3 Daily food consumption in 1999 and 2010 of participating families, expressed as the total number of days a food item was consumed out of the 15 days that were surveyed

From: Rural development and shifts in household dietary practices from 1999 to 2010 in the Tapajós River region, Brazilian Amazon: empirical evidence from dietary surveys

Food category

1999 (mean ± SD)

2010 (mean ± SD)

Trenda

Wilcoxon Test (p-value)

Cereals

 Rice

12.4 ± 3.6

14.7 ± 0.7

↑

0.0019

 Bread

12.7 ± 0.6

12.0 ± 2.5

-

0.4441

 Pasta

1.8 ± 2.5

4.3 ± 4.0

↑↑

0.0277

 Cookies/crackers

1.9 ± 2.9

2.0 ± 1.8

-

0.6791

 Cake

0.4 ± 0.7

1.7 ± 2.2

↑↑↑↑

0.0356

 Corn

0.5 ± 1.3

1.7 ± 2.0

↑↑↑

0.0061

Animal protein

 Carnivorous fish

4.6 ± 3.1

3.5 ± 3.6

-

0.1730

 Omnivorous fish

4.4 ± 2.8

6.1 ± 2.9

-

0.0853

 Herbivorous fish

4.5 ± 3.2

4.4 ± 2.2

-

0.8789

 Beef

4.0 ± 2.4

8.7 ± 3.4

↑↑

0.0001

 Local free-range chicken

1.0 ± 1.3

0.2 ± 0.5

↓↓↓↓↓

0.0159

 Frozen farmed chicken

0.4 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 2.6

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0006

 Game meat

4.5 ± 2.6

2.6 ± 2.5

↓

0.0066

 Purchased meatsb

4.4 ± 2.4

9.5 ± 3.1

↑↑

< 0.0001

 Eggs

2.7 ± 2.1

5.5 ± 3.3

↑↑

0.0007

Dairy

 Milk

8.0 ± 5.1

13.4 ± 1.7

↑↑

0.0004

 Butter

12.0 ± 3.9

13.8 ± 2.0

-

0.0883

Vegetables/legumes

 Total

12.2 ± 2.8

12.7 ± 2.9

-

0.8871

 Tomato

11.4 ± 3.6

11.0 ± 4.1

-

0.7510

 Bean

4.2 ± 3.5

8.2 ± 4.2

↑↑

0.0009

 Collard greens

0.6 ± 1.5

2.9 ± 3.9

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0395

 Pepper

1.6 ± 3.0

1.3 ± 2.1

-

0.8613

 Cabbage

0.04 ± 0.2

2.0 ± 2.8

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0010

Roots/tubers

 Cassava flour

14.7 ± 0.6

14.4 ± 0.7

-

0.3139

 Cassava

0.0 ± 0.0

1.3 ± 3.8

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0180

 Potato

0.5 ± 1.2

3.0 ± 3.6

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0056

Condiments

 Parsley

7.4 ± 5.6

11.1 ± 3.6

↑

0.0105

 Onion

13.3 ± 2.3

13.3 ± 2.0

-

0.8617

 Garlic

2.1 ± 4.3

9.4 ± 3.4

↑↑↑↑

0.0002

 Paprika

0.3 ± 1.3

10.2 ± 3.2

↑↑↑↑↑

< 0.0001

Fruits

 Total

8.9 ± 3.8

11.3 ± 3.9

-

0.0582

 Banana

5.5 ± 4.0

9.2 ± 3.9

↑

0.0075

Ingá

0.04 ± 0.2

0.0 ± 0.0

-

0.3287

 Orange

0.5 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 3.6

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0018

 Guava

1.2 ± 2.3

0.6 ± 1.8

-

0.1834

 Mango

1.8 ± 3.3

0.1 ± 0.6

↓↓↓↓↓

0.0323

Jambo

1.4 ± 2.8

0.4 ± 0.9

-

0.1330

 Watermelon

0.1 ± 0.3

1.8 ± 2.0

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0015

 Avocado

0.5 ± 1.1

0.4 ± 1.0

-

0.9492

 Pineapple

0.04 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.9

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0425

 Apple

0.3 ± 0.8

0.7 ± 1.0

-

0.1823

 Papaya

0.4 ± 1.3

1.0 ± 1.9

-

0.2049

 Acerola

0.7 ± 1.2

0.04 ± 0.2

↓

0.0251

 Cashew

2.2 ± 3.2

1.4 ± 2.1

-

0.2243

 Grape

0.1 ± 0.6

0.3 ± 0.9

-

0.4652

 Coconut

0.3 ± 0.6

0.1 ± 0.3

-

0.1159

Beverages

 Coffee

14.3 ± 1.1

13.5 ± 1.9

-

0.1261

 Natural fruit juice

0.7 ± 2.4

2.1 ± 2.8

↑↑↑

0.0281

 Processed juice

0.04 ± 0.2

2.7 ± 2.7

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0006

 Soft drinks

0.1 ± 0.3

1.6 ± 2.1

↑↑↑↑↑

0.0046

  1. Bold p-values indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in consumption between the 2 years (p < 0.05)
  2. aArrows indicate the general trend in daily food consumption over time. The direction of the arrow indicates if the trend is increasing (↑) or decreasing (↓). The number of arrows indicates the amount by which food intake has changed, such that ↑↑ indicates a two-fold increase in consumption, ↑↑↑ indicates a three-fold increase in consumption, etc.
  3. bpurchased beef, pork, and poultry (frozen chicken) were grouped into a single variable
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Globalization and Health

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