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Table 4 Robustness checks

From: Physicians’ brain drain - a gravity model of migration flows

 

Pseudo - Poisson Maximum Likelihood

(1)

(2)

2004–2016

6-year period (2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016)

Destination controls

 Log Unemployment rate [t-1]

−1.278c (0.18)

−0.915c (0.26)

 Log PISA Scorereading [t-1]

4.359a (2.43)

4.903 (4.39)

Dyadic Controls

 Log GDPo/GDPd [t-1]

1.796c (0.41)

1.264c (0.47)

 Log Diaspora [2000]

0.033c (0.01)

0.032 (0.02)

 Log Distance

−0.645c (0.07)

−0.599c (0.12)

 Colonial-tie dummy

0.439c (0.10)

0.557c (0.18)

 Common language dummy

2.779c (0.11)

2.641c (0.17)

 Contiguity dummy

−0.194 (0.13)

−0.188 (0.20)

 Both in EU

0.578c (0.13)

0.753c (0.21)

 Both in Schengen

0.247a (0.14)

0.319 (0.23)

Supply factors

 Log Remuneration of physicians [t-1]

2.812c (0.83)

1.393 (1.10)

 Log Density Physicians per 1000 population [t-1]

−2.420c (0.70)

−2.038c (0.76)

 Log Medical Graduates per 100,000 population [t-1]

1.433c (0.43)

0.994a (0.58)

 Log Medical Technology [t-1]

0.991b (0.44)

1.057a (0.63)

Demand factors

 Log public health expenditures [t-1]

0.209 (0.51)

0.226 (1.30)

 Log health insurance coverage [t-1]

−3.114a (1.84)

−3.835 (2.37)

 Log Age dependency ratio [t-1]

2.146a (1.14)

5.279c (1.75)

 Log Hospital beds [t-1]

1.304c (0.47)

1.446a (0.85)

 Destination FE

YES

YES

 Origin-time FE

YES

YES

 Number of clusters (destination*time)

172

74

 Observations

22,232

9174

 R-sqr

0.827

0.846

  1. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered by destination and time. a, b, c indicates significance at the 10, 5, and 1% level, respectively