Table 3 Examples of HIAs conducted by coauthors

Barcelona

Blue Active Tool

Physical activity

Mortality, morbidity, DALYs, health economic values

Riverside regeneration

First impact assessment on this topic in this city

Data quality & availability

No stakeholder participation

Vert et al, 2019 [15]

Barcelona

UTOPHIA

Transport-PA

Air pollution (PM2.5)

Noise (Lday 16h)

Green space (%GS)

Heat (daily mean Temperature)

Mortality

Local urban and transport planning policies

Holisitic approach in estimating the mortality burden associated with the multiple urban and transport planning related exposures

Detailed exposure data on same spatial scale

Quantification of expected impact, direction and magnitude of expected health effects

Uncertainty in causal inferences

Mortality is ‘tip of the iceberg’, morbidity was not considered

‘Double-counting’ of cases (correlation of exposures)

Risk of exposure and outcome misclassification

Quantitative HIA cannot capture intrinsic motivations for behaviour change

Mueller et al 2017a [38]

Barcelona

UTOPHIA

Transport-PA

Air pollution (PM2.5)

Noise (Lday 16h)

Green space (%GS)

Heat (daily mean Temperature)

Morbidity

DALYs

Local urban and transport planning policies

Holistic approach in estimating the mortality burden associated with multiple exposures

Detailed exposure data on same spatial scale

Quantification of expected impact, direction and magnitude of expected health effects

Uncertainty in causal inferences

DALY estimations & scaling from national to local level uncertainty

Risk of exposure and outcome misclassification

Mueller et al. 2017b [39]

Port Louis

Health Risk Assessment

Physical activity, travel mode, heat, air pollution

Mortality

Light Metro Express Rail

Smaller city: faster process, primary data collection feasible, less costly

Collaboration of all relevant ministries and sectors

Easily replicable model

Scalability if time and financial resources exist

Data quality & availability, gap between policy concerns and citizens needs

Lack of interest by local media

Thondoo et al. Unpublished

Argentina: Rosario; Bolivia: El Alto; Brazil: Sao Paulo; Chile: Santiago de Chile; Colombia: Bogota, Cali and Medellin; Ecuador: Cuenca and Quito; Guatemala: Guatemala City; Mexico: Guadalajara, Mexico City and Puebla; Panama: Panama City; Peru: Lima

Blue Active Tool

Physical activity

Mortality, morbidity, DALYs, and mortality related economic values

Open streets

First multinational impact assessment on Open Streets

Near collaboration with stakeholders

Using the results for advocacy

Data availability and quality

Lack of harmonize data between countries and cities

Lack of collaboration between health sector and urban /transport planning

Velazquez-Cortez D, et al, unpublished

Mexico City

Bogota

Istanbul

Brisbane

Paris

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality and mortality related economic values

Bus Rapid Transit

First impact assessment

Policy popularity

Data availability and quality

Lack of harmonized data between countries and cities

Lack of collaboration between health sector and urban /transport planning

Rojas-Rueda D et al, unpublished

Barcelona

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality and mortality related economic values

Tram expansion

Stakeholder collaboration

Use analysis data to decision making process and political debate

Data quality & availability

Lack of interest from different political parties at city council

Rojas-Rueda D et al, [40]

Barcelona

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality

Bike sharing systems

First assessment

Results helped to strength collaboration between local stakeholders and researchers

Data quality & availability No stakeholder participation

Rojas-Rueda D et al, 2011 [37]

Barcelona

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality

Active transportation (walking and cycling) and public transport scenarios

First assessment

Results helped to strength collaboration between local stakeholders and researchers

Data quality & availability No stakeholder participation

Rojas-Rueda D et al, 2012 [41]

Barcelona

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality, morbidity and DALYs

Active transportation (walking and cycling) and public transport scenarios

Provide in deep analysis of transport related impact at local level

Results helped stakeholders to understand transport and health pathways

Data quality & availability No stakeholder participation

Rojas-Rueda D et al, 2013 [42]

Barcelona

Brussels

Hamburg

Lille

Lyon

Madrid

Milan

Paris

Seville

Toulouse

Valencia

Warsaw

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality

Bike sharing systems

First multinational assessment

Results helped to strength regional advocacy on bike sharing systems

Data quality & availability

Lack of harmonized data between countries and cities

No stakeholder participation

Otero I et al, 2018 [43]

Barcelona

Basel

Copenhagen

Paris

Prague

Warsaw

TAPAS tool

Physical activity, air pollution, traffic incidents

Mortality

Walking and cycling

Policy comparative between multiple cities and countries, helping to understand the implications of similar polices in different context and locations.

Data quality & availability

Lack of harmonized data between countries and cities

No stakeholder participation

Rojas-Rueda D et al, 2016 [44]

Morocco

Quantitative Health Impact Assessment

Air pollution, water and sanitation

Mortality

SDGs 3, 6 and 11 implementation

SDG context & stakeholder support

Data quality & availability

Rojas-Rueda D et al, 2018 [45]

Maputo

Cochabamba

Evaluating feasibility, pilot study

NA

NA

NA

Fast urban growing of the cities and low development;

Possibilities for policy and intervention assessment;

Intersectorial approaches; Establishment of new communication

pathways between local authorities.

Low regulations;

Low continuity in the policies;

Low cooperation between stakeholders and poor long-term engagement; Low understanding of HIA

Research

Low capacity to collect routinely data;

Low comparability between data collected.

Gascon et al. 2016 [46]

Antwerp

Barcelona

London

Örebro

Rome

Zurich

Health impact assessment of cycling network expansions in European cities

Transport mode

physical activity

air pollution (PM2.5) fatal traffic accidents

Mortality

Cycling infrastructure policies

First study evaluating the potential associations between cycling network length, mode share and associated health impacts across European cities

Standardized data extraction methods

Detailed data availability

Cross-sectional study, no causality can be implied

Detailed data availability, assumptions on causal inferences

Impacts estimated only for active travelers, societal benefits ignored

Mueller et al, 2018 [48]

Bradford

UTHOPIA

Transport mode

physical activity

air pollution (PM2.5)

noise (Lden)

green space (%GS)

Index Multiple Deprivation

Ethnicity

Mortality

Local urban and transport planning policies

Holisitic approach in estimating the mortality burden associated with the multiple urban and transport planning related exposures

Distribution of mortality burden by SES variables

Assumptions on causal inferences were evidence is lacking

Risk of exposure and outcome misclassification

Different strengths of evidence for exposures with mortality

Quantitative HIA cannot captures intrinsic motivations for behavior change

Mueller et al, 2018 [49]

Barcelona

Transport-related physical activity (PA), (air pollution

(NO2),

road traffic noise,

green space, urban heat island (UHI) effect

Premature mortality, changes in life expectancy and economic impacts

Local planning (Superblock model)

Robust overall estimation, based on best epidemiological evidence according to the current research.

Multiple urban and transport planning related exposures were considered holistically and where uncertainty on causal inferences existed, assumptions were defined with caution and impacts were estimated conservatively.

Research conducted by academia in consortium with public health and urban ecology local agencies

Non-fatal impacts such as the expected reduction in chronic disease, improvements in quality of life, social cohesion and mental health have not been quantified.

Simultaneous improvement of the suburban commuter network is needed.

Gentrification is a possible risk.

Undesired relocation of car/motorcycle traffic (to potentially already deprived areas) outside the Superblocks needs to be considered and avoided

Muller et al, 2019 [47]