Table 2 Inclusion & exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Studies describing a co-financing case (with or without an evaluation);

• Co-financing between any two sectors or sub-sectors (i.e. no sectoral restrictions);

• English language

Exclusion criteria

• Guidelines for how to implement co-financing;

• Articles with insufficient information to adequately identify a co-financing case;

• Commentaries or policy briefs mentioning co-financing (In these instances, primary studies were sourced);

• Purely commercial relationships such as those between public sector actors and private sector contractors (e.g. Private Finance Initiatives or Public-Private Partnerships are not co-financing because the private entity’s profit objective is not a final outcome, it is an intermediate objective that the contractual arrangement aims to align to the ultimate public objective or outcome measure).