Independent Variables | Outcome variables | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stunting % | 95% CI | Chi2 p-value | Wasting % | 95% CI | Chi2 p-value | |
Children’s characteristics | ||||||
 Age |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Less than 6 months | 13.6 | [10.0,18.3] |  | 15.5 | [11.5,20.5] |  |
  6–11 months | 17.2 | [13.4,21.7] |  | 12.9 | [10.1,16.4] |  |
  12–17 months | 31.7 | [27.7,36.1] |  | 15.4 | [12.3,19] |  |
  18–23 months | 48.6 | [43.2,54.1] |  | 11.3 | [7.8,16.0] |  |
  24–59 months | 45.5 | [42.9,48.1] |  | 7.5 | [6.5,8.6] |  |
 Sex |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.760 |
  Male | 41.2 | [38.7,43.8] |  | 10.1 | [8.8,11.6] |  |
  Female | 35.7 | [33.4,38.2] |  | 9.8 | [8.4,11.4] |  |
 Birth order |  |  | 0.039 |  |  | 0.170 |
  First | 36.1 | [31.8,40.7] |  | 8.3 | [6.4,10.7] |  |
  2 to 4 | 37.0 | [34.4,39.7] |  | 9.7 | [8.2,11.5] |  |
  5 or higher | 41.3 | [38.5,44.3] |  | 11.0 | [9.5,12.7] |  |
 Perceived weight at birth |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.002 |
  Very small | 46.2 | [41.5,51] |  | 13.4 | [10.9,16.5] |  |
  Smaller than average | 43.6 | [38.7,48.6] |  | 12.0 | [9.2,15.6] |  |
  Average | 37.6 | [34.9,40.3] |  | 9.6 | [8.2,11.2] |  |
  Very large or larger than average | 34.6 | [31.8,37.5] |  | 8.2 | [6.8,9.9] |  |
Mother’s characteristics | ||||||
 Marital status |  |  | 0.771 |  |  | 0.531 |
  Never married | 44.5 | [26.8,63.8] |  | 5.2 | [0.8,28.1] |  |
  Married/living with partner | 38.4 | [36.5,40.4] |  | 9.9 | [8.9,11] |  |
  Widowed/divorced/ separated | 40.6 | [33.2,48.4] |  | 12.0 | [7.8,17.9] |  |
 Age at child’s birth |  |  | 0.111 |  |  | 0.478 |
  12–19 | 42.5 | [37.2,48] |  | 9.0 | [6.7,12] |  |
  20–49 | 38.1 | [36.1,40.5] |  | 10.1 | [9.0,12.2] |  |
 Educational status |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.051 |
  No education | 41.7 | [39.5,44] |  | 10.8 | [9.5,12.2] |  |
  Primary | 35.6 | [32.5,38.8] |  | 8.7 | [7.1,10.7] |  |
  Secondary and above | 19.5 | [15.3,24.4] |  | 7.2 | [4.8,10.7] |  |
 Working status |  |  | 0.947 |  |  | 0.410 |
  No | 38.5 | [36.3,40.8] |  | 9.7 | [8.5,11.0] |  |
  Yes | 38.6 | [35.7,41.7] |  | 10.7 | [8.8,12.9] |  |
 Mother’s BMI |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Underweight | 41.9 | [38.5,45.5] |  | 13.5 | [11.3,16] |  |
  Normal | 38.9 | [36.5,41.3] |  | 9.5 | [8.4,16] |  |
  Overweight | 24.4 | [19.6,29.9] |  | 4.6 | [2.4,8.8] |  |
 Maternal stature |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.396 |
  Normal stature | 38.1 | [36.1,40.1] |  | 9.9 | [8.8,11.1] |  |
  Short stature | 54.8 | [45.5,63.7] |  | 12.6 | [7.4,20.7] |  |
Household characteristics | ||||||
 Sex of household head |  |  | 0.220 |  |  | 0.287 |
  Male | 38.4 | [36.4,40.6] |  | 10.1 | [9.0,11.4] |  |
  Female | 39.2 | [35.7,42.8] |  | 8.8 | [7.0,11.1] |  |
 Place of residence |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.509 |
  Urban | 26.0 | [21.5,31.1] |  | 9.1 | [7.0,11.8] |  |
  Rural | 40.1 | [38.1,42.2] |  | 10.1 | [9.0,11.3] |  |
 Region |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Tigray | 39.5 | [35.8,43.4] |  | 11.5 | [9.5,13.8] |  |
  Afar | 40.9 | [36.5,45.5] |  | 17.1 | [13.4,21.6] |  |
  Amhara | 47.6 | [43.8,51.4] |  | 10.0 | [8.0,12.5] |  |
  Oromia | 36.1 | [32.8,39.5] |  | 10.5 | [8.8,12.6] |  |
  Somali | 26.5 | [22.8,30.6] |  | 22.2 | [17.5,27.8] |  |
  Benishangul | 42.9 | [38.2,47.6] |  | 10.5 | [7.8,14.0] |  |
  SNNP | 39.6 | [35.7,43.6] |  | 6.2 | [4.8,8.0] |  |
  Gambela | 24.1 | [20.3,28.4] |  | 13.9 | [10.4,18.4] |  |
  Harari | 32.1 | [27.7,36.8] |  | 10.7 | [7.4,15.2] |  |
  Addis Ababa | 14.9 | [11.1,19.7] |  | 2.4 | [1.3,4.6] |  |
  Dire Dawa | 40.9 | [34.5,47.6] |  | 10.2 | [7.1,14.4] |  |
 Wealth quintile |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Poorest | 45.6 | [42.4,48.8] |  | 13.8 | [11.2,16.8] |  |
  Poorer | 42.5 | [38.7,46.5] |  | 9.6 | [7.7,12.0] |  |
  Middle | 38.6 | [34,43.4] |  | 10.4 | [8.2,13.1] |  |
  Richer | 34.8 | [31,38.7] |  | 6.8 | [5.1,9.0] |  |
  Richest | 25.7 | [22.1,29.7] |  | 7.7 | [5.7,10.2] |  |
 Drinking water source |  |  | 0.048 |  |  | 0.098 |
  Improved water | 37.0 | [34.6,39.5] |  | 9.2 | [8.0,10.5] |  |
  Non-Improved water | 40.5 | [37.8,43.3] |  | 11.0 | [9.3,12.8] |  |
 Toilet facilities |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.222 |
  Improved toilet | 26.8 | [22.4,31.7] |  | 8.5 | [6.5,11.1] |  |
  Non-improved toilet | 39.8 | [37.8,42] |  | 10.0 | [9.0,11.3] |  |
 Type of cooking fuel |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.049 |
  Modern fuel | 21.4 | [14.9,29.9] |  | 5.2 | [2.6,10.2] |  |
  Traditional fuel | 39.1 | [37.2,41.1] |  | 10.1 | [9.1,11.3] |  |