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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of stunting and wasting by child’s, mother’s, and household characteristics

From: Determinants of nutritional status among children under age 5 in Ethiopia: further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey

Independent Variables

Outcome variables

Stunting %

95% CI

Chi2

p-value

Wasting %

95% CI

Chi2

p-value

Children’s characteristics

 Age

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  Less than 6 months

13.6

[10.0,18.3]

 

15.5

[11.5,20.5]

 

  6–11 months

17.2

[13.4,21.7]

 

12.9

[10.1,16.4]

 

  12–17 months

31.7

[27.7,36.1]

 

15.4

[12.3,19]

 

  18–23 months

48.6

[43.2,54.1]

 

11.3

[7.8,16.0]

 

  24–59 months

45.5

[42.9,48.1]

 

7.5

[6.5,8.6]

 

 Sex

  

< 0.001

  

0.760

  Male

41.2

[38.7,43.8]

 

10.1

[8.8,11.6]

 

  Female

35.7

[33.4,38.2]

 

9.8

[8.4,11.4]

 

 Birth order

  

0.039

  

0.170

  First

36.1

[31.8,40.7]

 

8.3

[6.4,10.7]

 

  2 to 4

37.0

[34.4,39.7]

 

9.7

[8.2,11.5]

 

  5 or higher

41.3

[38.5,44.3]

 

11.0

[9.5,12.7]

 

 Perceived weight at birth

  

< 0.001

  

0.002

  Very small

46.2

[41.5,51]

 

13.4

[10.9,16.5]

 

  Smaller than average

43.6

[38.7,48.6]

 

12.0

[9.2,15.6]

 

  Average

37.6

[34.9,40.3]

 

9.6

[8.2,11.2]

 

  Very large or larger than average

34.6

[31.8,37.5]

 

8.2

[6.8,9.9]

 

Mother’s characteristics

 Marital status

  

0.771

  

0.531

  Never married

44.5

[26.8,63.8]

 

5.2

[0.8,28.1]

 

  Married/living with partner

38.4

[36.5,40.4]

 

9.9

[8.9,11]

 

  Widowed/divorced/ separated

40.6

[33.2,48.4]

 

12.0

[7.8,17.9]

 

 Age at child’s birth

  

0.111

  

0.478

  12–19

42.5

[37.2,48]

 

9.0

[6.7,12]

 

  20–49

38.1

[36.1,40.5]

 

10.1

[9.0,12.2]

 

 Educational status

  

< 0.001

  

0.051

  No education

41.7

[39.5,44]

 

10.8

[9.5,12.2]

 

  Primary

35.6

[32.5,38.8]

 

8.7

[7.1,10.7]

 

  Secondary and above

19.5

[15.3,24.4]

 

7.2

[4.8,10.7]

 

 Working status

  

0.947

  

0.410

  No

38.5

[36.3,40.8]

 

9.7

[8.5,11.0]

 

  Yes

38.6

[35.7,41.7]

 

10.7

[8.8,12.9]

 

 Mother’s BMI

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  Underweight

41.9

[38.5,45.5]

 

13.5

[11.3,16]

 

  Normal

38.9

[36.5,41.3]

 

9.5

[8.4,16]

 

  Overweight

24.4

[19.6,29.9]

 

4.6

[2.4,8.8]

 

 Maternal stature

  

< 0.001

  

0.396

  Normal stature

38.1

[36.1,40.1]

 

9.9

[8.8,11.1]

 

  Short stature

54.8

[45.5,63.7]

 

12.6

[7.4,20.7]

 

Household characteristics

 Sex of household head

  

0.220

  

0.287

  Male

38.4

[36.4,40.6]

 

10.1

[9.0,11.4]

 

  Female

39.2

[35.7,42.8]

 

8.8

[7.0,11.1]

 

 Place of residence

  

< 0.001

  

0.509

  Urban

26.0

[21.5,31.1]

 

9.1

[7.0,11.8]

 

  Rural

40.1

[38.1,42.2]

 

10.1

[9.0,11.3]

 

 Region

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  Tigray

39.5

[35.8,43.4]

 

11.5

[9.5,13.8]

 

  Afar

40.9

[36.5,45.5]

 

17.1

[13.4,21.6]

 

  Amhara

47.6

[43.8,51.4]

 

10.0

[8.0,12.5]

 

  Oromia

36.1

[32.8,39.5]

 

10.5

[8.8,12.6]

 

  Somali

26.5

[22.8,30.6]

 

22.2

[17.5,27.8]

 

  Benishangul

42.9

[38.2,47.6]

 

10.5

[7.8,14.0]

 

  SNNP

39.6

[35.7,43.6]

 

6.2

[4.8,8.0]

 

  Gambela

24.1

[20.3,28.4]

 

13.9

[10.4,18.4]

 

  Harari

32.1

[27.7,36.8]

 

10.7

[7.4,15.2]

 

  Addis Ababa

14.9

[11.1,19.7]

 

2.4

[1.3,4.6]

 

  Dire Dawa

40.9

[34.5,47.6]

 

10.2

[7.1,14.4]

 

 Wealth quintile

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  Poorest

45.6

[42.4,48.8]

 

13.8

[11.2,16.8]

 

  Poorer

42.5

[38.7,46.5]

 

9.6

[7.7,12.0]

 

  Middle

38.6

[34,43.4]

 

10.4

[8.2,13.1]

 

  Richer

34.8

[31,38.7]

 

6.8

[5.1,9.0]

 

  Richest

25.7

[22.1,29.7]

 

7.7

[5.7,10.2]

 

 Drinking water source

  

0.048

  

0.098

  Improved water

37.0

[34.6,39.5]

 

9.2

[8.0,10.5]

 

  Non-Improved water

40.5

[37.8,43.3]

 

11.0

[9.3,12.8]

 

 Toilet facilities

  

< 0.001

  

0.222

  Improved toilet

26.8

[22.4,31.7]

 

8.5

[6.5,11.1]

 

  Non-improved toilet

39.8

[37.8,42]

 

10.0

[9.0,11.3]

 

 Type of cooking fuel

  

< 0.001

  

0.049

  Modern fuel

21.4

[14.9,29.9]

 

5.2

[2.6,10.2]

 

  Traditional fuel

39.1

[37.2,41.1]

 

10.1

[9.1,11.3]

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