Agricultural trade policies and child nutrition in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-national analysis

Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Kafui; Vollmer, Sebastian; Avendano, Mauricio; Harttgen, Kenneth

doi:10.1186/s12992-019-0463-0

Globalization and Health

Table 4 Fixed-effects models for HAZs, n = 212,258

From: Agricultural trade policies and child nutrition in low- and middle-income countries: a cross-national analysis

Height-for-age Z scores	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
NRA tradable agriculture (10%)	0.02* (0.00, 0.05)	0.02 (− 0.00, 0.04)	0.02 (− 0.02, 0.05)
Parental occupation
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture	−0.06* (− 0.12, − 0.01)	−0.07* (− 0.12, − 0.01)	−0.07* (− 0.13, − 0.01)
At least one wage-earning parent	− 0.06* (− 0.11, − 0.00)	− 0.06 (− 0.08, − 0.03)**	−0.03 (− 0.09, 0.03)
Parents unemployed	− 0.03 (− 0.09, 0.04)	−0.02 (− 0.08, 0.03)	−0.04 (− 0.09, 0.02)
Share of tradable agriculture (10%)	0.06* (0.01, 0.10)	0.06* (0.01, 0.10)	0.05* (0.01, 0.10)
Parental occupation*NRA tradable agriculture (10%)
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture		−0.00 (− 0.03, 0.02)	− 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02)
At least one wage-earning parent		0.03 (− 0.00, 0.07)	0.06 (0.03, 0.09)**
Parents unemployed		0.01 (−0.02, 0.03)	0.02 (− 0.02, 0.06)
Share tradable agriculture (10%)*NRA tradable agriculture (10%)			0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Parental occupation*Share tradable agriculture (10%)
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture			0.01 (−0.02, 0.03)
At least one wage-earning parent			−0.02 (− 0.05, 0.01)
Parents unemployed			0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)
Parental occupationShare tradable agriculture (10%)NRA tradable agriculture (10%)
Non-agricultural	Ref
At least one parent self-employed in agriculture			0.01 (−0.00, 0.03)
At least one wage-earning parent			−0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01)**
Parents unemployed			−0.00 (− 0.02, 0.01)

Notes: Model 1 controls for child’s age, sex, singleton/multiple birth status, birth order, vaccination status, months of breastfeeding, recent fever, and recent diarrhea; mother’s age, number of children, education, BMI, and marital status; household residence (rural/urban), wealth quintile, improved water, and improved sanitation; country-level share of tradable agriculture, log of the value of production of agriculture, NRA for non-tradable agriculture, log of official development assistance and aid, and governance (democratization); country fixed-effects and year fixed-effects. Model 2 adds an interaction between the NRA to tradable agriculture and parental occupation. Model 3 adds interaction terms with the share of tradable agriculture, including a three-way interaction with the NRA to tradable agriculture and parental occupation. Share of tradable agriculture is centered at 50%. Standard errors are clustered by country. Estimates in italics represent p-values < 0.10. * represents p-values < 0.05. ** represents p-values < 0.01. *** represents p-values < 0.001

Back to article page

ISSN: 1744-8603

Contact us

Submission enquiries: carissa.rustia@springernature.com
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com