Table 2 Sample characteristics, N = 212,258
|  | Total | Non-agricultural | ≥  1 parent self-employed agriculture | ≥  1 parent earning wages agriculture | Parents unemployed | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (Std. Dev) / Proportion | ||||||
 Child’s Characteristics | ||||||
  Height-for-age Z-score | −1.64 (1.78) | −1.41 (1.76) | − 1.87 (1.74) | −1.83 (1.85) | − 1.51 (1.72) | < 0.001 |
  Child is stunted | 42.06% | 35.68% | 48.57% | 47.94% | 38.27% | < 0.001 |
  Weight-for-age Z-scoreb | −1.15 (1.45) | −0.90 (1.43) | −1.39 (1.40) | − 1.46 (1.47) | − 0.96 (1.39) | < 0.001 |
  Child is underweightb | 26.44% | 20.72% | 31.30% | 34.41% | 21.18% | < 0.001 |
  Weight-for-height Z-scorec | −0.35 (1.51) | −0.18 (1.51) | − 0.50 (1.48) | −0.59 (1.53) | − 0.18 (1.49) | < 0.001 |
  Child is wastedc | 12.71% | 10.40% | 14.44% | 16.53% | 10.11% | < 0.001 |
  Child’s sex (Male) | 50.60% | 50.86% | 50.17% | 50.63% | 51.50% | 0.021 |
  Child’s Age (months) | 19.85 (8.63) | 20.00 (8.65) | 19.69 (8.62) | 19.93 (8.59) | 18.55 (8.61) | < 0.001 |
  Child is a multiple birth | 2.16% | 2.17% | 2.32% | 1.81% | 1.99% | < 0.001 |
  Child is first born | 24.33% | 29.47% | 17.67% | 19.35% | 48.58% | < 0.001 |
  Months of breastfeeding | 15.24 (7.13) | 14.60 (7.16) | 15.91 (6.92) | 15.93 (7.36) | 14.09 (6.73) | < 0.001 |
  Fever in last two weeks | 33.50% | 31.12% | 39.08% | 28.09% | 35.93% | < 0.001 |
  Diarrhea in last two weeks | 21.24% | 19.32% | 24.25% | 20.28% | 22.35% | < 0.001 |
  Vaccinations in first year | 46.61% | 48.68% | 47.54% | 37.45% | 50.82% | < 0.001 |
 Mother’s Characteristics | ||||||
  Mother’s Age (years) | 27.47 (6.51) | 27.03 (5.96) | 28.18 (7.00) | 27.68 (6.76) | 24.55 (6.37) | < 0.001 |
  Maternal education (years) | 4.16 (4.64) | 6.02 (5.07) | 2.37 (3.23) | 2.20 (3.43) | 5.14 (4.37) | < 0.001 |
  Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 22.12 (4.29) | 23.10 (4.90) | 21.21 (3.19) | 21.07 (3.67) | 22.37 (4.18) | < 0.001 |
  Mother’s total number of children | 3.54 (2.40) | 3.02 (2.07) | 4.16 (2.61) | 3.90 (2.51) | 2.51 (2.06) | < 0.001 |
 Mother’s marital status | < 0.001 | |||||
  Never married | 2.54% | 2.15% | 1.54% | 0.76% | 35.39% | |
  Married | 84.09% | 84.89% | 83.24% | 88.29% | 54.01% | |
  Living with partner | 8.90% | 8.52% | 10.35% | 7.39% | 5.39% | |
  Widowed | 0.93% | 0.75% | 1.12% | 0.99% | 1.59% | |
  Divorced | 1.09% | 0.96% | 1.40% | 0.81% | 0.13% | |
  No longer living together | 2.44% | 2.72% | 2.36% | 1.76% | 2.49% | |
 Household Characteristics | ||||||
  Urban | 31.54% | 54.91% | 8.37% | 8.59% | 44.96% | < 0.001 |
 Wealth quintile | < 0.001 | |||||
  Lowest | 22.04% | 12.14% | 29.41% | 37.09% | 17.12% | |
  Second | 21.36% | 15.67% | 26.79% | 27.57% | 17.22% | |
  Middle | 20.75% | 19.43% | 23.39% | 19.15% | 19.77% | |
  Fourth | 19.50% | 24.83% | 15.16% | 12.22% | 22.11% | |
  Highest | 16.34% | 27.92% | 5.25% | 3.97% | 23.79% | |
Improved water | 62.73% | 78.85% | 43.31% | 54.75% | 70.38% | < 0.001 |
Improved sanitation | 23.75% | 38.98% | 5.73% | 16.11% | 27.13% | < 0.001 |
 Parental occupation | ||||||
  Non-agricultural | 47.80% |  |  |  |  |  |
  At least one parent self-employed in agriculture | 34.32% |  |  |  |  |  |
  At least one parent earning wages in agriculture | 15.42% |  |  |  |  |  |
  Parents unemployed | 2.46% |  |  |  |  |  |