From: Sex differences and risk factors for diabetes mellitus - an international study from 193 countries
Rate of risk factor per 100,000 persons | 1995 | 2005 | 2015 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | Ratio (M:F) | p-value | M | F | Ratio (M:F) | p-value | M | F | Ratio (M:F) | p-value | |
Globally | ||||||||||||
High BMI | 10.0 | 13.6 | 0.7 | 0.77 | 11.8 | 15.0 | 0.8 | 0.77 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 0.9 | 0.77 |
Dietary risks | 13.0 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 1.00 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 1.0 | 0.77 | 15.4 | 13.1 | 1.2 | 0.56 |
Low physical activity | 4.7 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 0.77 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 1.1 | 0.77 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 0.56 |
Smoking | 3.5 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 0.1 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 15.5 | < 0.01 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 19.4 | < 0.01 |
High-income countries | ||||||||||||
High BMI | 9.6 | 10.7 | 0.9 | 0.80 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 1.1 | 0.40 | 10.8 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 0.15 |
Dietary risks | 8.8 | 8.2 | 1.1 | 0.39 | 9.9 | 7.6 | 1.3 | 0.07 | 8.9 | 6.4 | 1.4 | < 0.01 |
Low physical activity | 3.5 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 1.00 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 0.41 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 0.20 |
Smoking | 2.1 | 0.2 | 8.8 | < 0.01 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 10.4 | < 0.01 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 10.3 | < 0.01 |
Middle-income countries | ||||||||||||
High BMI | 12.3 | 18.0 | 0.7 | < 0.01 | 14.3 | 21.5 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 16.4 | 20.0 | 0.8 | 0.07 |
Dietary risks | 14.4 | 16.0 | 0.9 | 0.67 | 15.1 | 16.3 | 0.9 | 0.72 | 15.9 | 15.7 | 1.0 | 0.69 |
Low physical activity | 4.8 | 4.9 | 1.0 | 0.96 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.90 | 5.9 | 5.61 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
Smoking | 3.0 | 0.2 | 15.8 | < 0.01 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 15.2 | < 0.01 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 19.1 | < 0.01 |
Low-income countries | ||||||||||||
High BMI | 4.8 | 7.5 | 0.6 | 0.28 | 6.4 | 10.0 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 6.9 | 10.7 | 0.6 | 0.08 |
Dietary risks | 9.7 | 11.4 | 0.9 | 0.58 | 10.7 | 12.4 | 0.9 | 0.67 | 11.1 | 12.2 | 0.9 | 0.61 |
Low physical activity | 3.1 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 0.18 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.25 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 0.24 |
Smoking | 1.3 | 0.1 | 15.1 | < 0.01 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 20.1 | < 0.01 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 21.1 | < 0.01 |