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Table 3 Risk factors associated with diabetes-related mortality rates per 100,000 persons by country income level (high-, middle-, and low-income) among individuals aged ≥15 years by sex

From: Sex differences and risk factors for diabetes mellitus - an international study from 193 countries

Rate of risk factor per 100,000 persons

1995

2005

2015

M

F

Ratio (M:F)

p-value

M

F

Ratio (M:F)

p-value

M

F

Ratio (M:F)

p-value

Globally

 High BMI

10.0

13.6

0.7

0.77

11.8

15.0

0.8

0.77

13.9

15.3

0.9

0.77

 Dietary risks

13.0

13.4

1.0

1.00

14.2

14.2

1.0

0.77

15.4

13.1

1.2

0.56

 Low physical activity

4.7

4.4

1.1

0.77

5.2

4.5

1.1

0.77

5.8

4.4

1.3

0.56

 Smoking

3.5

0.3

13.0

0.1

3.5

0.2

15.5

< 0.01

3.4

0.2

19.4

< 0.01

High-income countries

 High BMI

9.6

10.7

0.9

0.80

11.3

10.0

1.1

0.40

10.8

8.1

1.3

0.15

 Dietary risks

8.8

8.2

1.1

0.39

9.9

7.6

1.3

0.07

8.9

6.4

1.4

< 0.01

 Low physical activity

3.5

3.7

0.9

1.00

3.9

3.7

1.0

0.41

3.4

3.3

1.1

0.20

 Smoking

2.1

0.2

8.8

< 0.01

1.9

0.2

10.4

< 0.01

1.6

0.2

10.3

< 0.01

Middle-income countries

 High BMI

12.3

18.0

0.7

< 0.01

14.3

21.5

0.7

0.01

16.4

20.0

0.8

0.07

 Dietary risks

14.4

16.0

0.9

0.67

15.1

16.3

0.9

0.72

15.9

15.7

1.0

0.69

 Low physical activity

4.8

4.9

1.0

0.96

5.8

5.4

1.1

0.90

5.9

5.61

1.1

0.45

 Smoking

3.0

0.2

15.8

< 0.01

3.3

0.2

15.2

< 0.01

3.3

0.2

19.1

< 0.01

Low-income countries

 High BMI

4.8

7.5

0.6

0.28

6.4

10.0

0.7

0.08

6.9

10.7

0.6

0.08

 Dietary risks

9.7

11.4

0.9

0.58

10.7

12.4

0.9

0.67

11.1

12.2

0.9

0.61

 Low physical activity

3.1

2.7

1.2

0.18

3.5

2.9

1.2

0.25

4.0

3.1

1.3

0.24

 Smoking

1.3

0.1

15.1

< 0.01

1.4

0.1

20.1

< 0.01

1.6

0.1

21.1

< 0.01

  1. M Males, F Females