Table 1 Eco-Psychopolitical Validity (EPV) Model Matrix as Coding Scheme for Qualitative Data

 Structural

1

Identify macroeconomic threats to countries’ health systems.

13

Identify macrolevel interventions to address economic threats to country’s health systems.

25

Identify economic policies and investments to promote long-term effectiveness and sustainability of viable health systems.

 Organizational

2

Identify financial needs and organizational practices that compromise economic assets of health settings.

14

Identify diaspora-led assistance and supportive roles of non-governmental organizations in resource-limited health settings.

26

Identify economic resources and best practices for efficient management of healthcare settings.

 Interpersonal

3

Identify financial needs of health workers and personnel’s behaviors that compromise economic wellbeing.

15

Identify health workers’ individual efforts to address financial needs; examine émigrés’ remittances to significant others.

27

Identify sources of health workers’ financial security and wellbeing.

 Structural

4

Identify infrastructure challenges and other threats to health systems stemming from the natural or built environments.

16

Identify national plans and actions to reduce country’s infrastructure challenges and other environmental threats to health and health systems.

28

Identify resources to sustain government’s investment in infrastructure for health systems.

 Organizational

5

Assess physical needs of health facilities that compromise standards of healthcare delivery.

17

Identify health facilities’ current physical assets and maintenance efforts.

29

Identify physical resources for optimum healthcare provision and health workers’ training.

 Interpersonal

6

Assess health workers’ health needs, and unmet health needs for valuable commodities, housing, and transportation.

18

Identify health workers’ efforts to meet housing and personal transportation needs.

30

Identify physical assets of health workers and family.

 Structural

7

Identify national and international policies and governance that threaten countries’ health systems.

19

Explore political will of country’s leadership and national health workforce planning, monitoring, and evaluation.

31

Identify national, regional, and international regulations that strengthen health systems and guarantee citizens’ rights to health.

 Organizational

8

Identify organizational and bureaucratic practices that violate health workers’ rights.

20

Identify local health workers unions’ actions to improve local conditions of practice and union members’ wellbeing.

32

Identify political and organizational procedures that reinforce best practices in healthcare administration.

 Interpersonal

9

Explore interpersonal dynamics that threaten health workers’ freedoms.

21

Identify health workers’ personal involvement in organized labor and political actions.

33

Identify interpersonal dynamics that promote health workers’ freedoms.

 Structural

10

Identify social and cultural factors that compromise the retention of local talents and skills.

22

Identify national and regional efforts to educate, inform, and involve communities on relevant public health matters.

34

Identify social policies and cultural resources to promote the retention of country’s best and brightest talents.

 Organizational

11

Identify cultural practices that undermine health service delivery and impede organizational learning.

23

Examine roles of medical schools and hometown associations in addressing shortages of health professionals and health needs in the community.

35

Explore resources to enhance team cohesiveness, effective team work, and positive group dynamics.

 Interpersonal

12

Explore psychosocial factors that hinder health workers’ personal wellbeing.

24

Identify coping strategies to professional dissatisfaction and plans for upward mobility, career promotion, and family growth.

36

Explore psychological factors that increase feelings of belonging, safety, and security.