Table 3 Association of early neonatal mortality with risk factors
Variables | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
Individual factors | ||
Sex | ||
 Female | Ref | Ref |
 Male | 1.5* (1.1–2.1) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) |
Birth size | ||
 Average | Ref | Ref |
 Smaller than average | 1.8* (1.1–2.9) | 1.8** (1.2–2.6) |
 Larger than average | 2.6*** (1.7–3.9) | 2.9*** (2.2–3.8) |
Multiple gestation | ||
 No | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 8.6*** (4.7–15.5) | 9.3*** (5.7–15.0) |
Maternal factors | ||
Maternal age | ||
 15–18 years | 1.8 (0.9–3.6) | 1.8* (1.1–3.2) |
 19–34 years | Ref | Ref |
 35–49 years | 1.6* (1.1–2.3) | 1.7*** (1.3–2.3) |
Birth rank | ||
 Primi | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
 Second to fourth pregnancy | Ref | Ref |
 Fifth or higher pregnancy | 1.9*** (1.3–2.9) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) |
Birth Interval | ||
 < 2 years | 1.5* (1.0–2.3) | 1.7*** (1.3–2.2) |
 ≥ 2 years | Ref | Ref |
Antenatal factors | ||
Desire for pregnancy | ||
 Wanted then | Ref |  |
 Wanted later | 0.4* (0.2–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) |
 Wanted no more | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) |
Antenatal care | ||
 No | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 0.5*** (0.4–0.7) | 0.7* (0.5–0.9) |
Delivery factors | ||
Delivery assistance | ||
 Unskilled birth attendant | Ref |  |
 Skilled delivery attendant | 0.6** (0.4–0.8) |  |
Place of delivery | ||
 Home | Ref | Ref |
 Hospital/health centre | 0.6** (0.4–0.8) | 0.7* (0.5–0.9) |
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||
Sex of the household head | ||
 Male | Ref | Ref |
 Female | 0.2* (0.1–0.8) | 1.1 (0.3–1.4) |
Maternal education level | ||
 No formal education | Ref | Ref |
 Primary | 0.3* (0.1–0.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
 Secondary or higher | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) |
Paternal education level | ||
 No formal education | Ref | Ref |
 Primary | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
 Secondary or higher | 0.6* (0.4–0.9) | 0.7* (0.5–1.0) |
Wealth status | ||
 Poorest | Ref | Ref |
 Poorer | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
 Middle | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
 Richer | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
 Richest | 0.61 (0.3–1.1) | 1.1 (0.6–1.1) |
Community level variables | ||
Antenatal care utilization | ||
 Low | Ref | Ref |
 High | 0.71 (0.5–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
Utilization of facility delivery | ||
 Low | Ref | Ref |
 High | 0.6* (0.4–0.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) |
Community women’s education | ||
 Low | Ref | Ref |
 High | 0.3* (0.1–0.8) | 0.4* (0.2–0.9) |
Community poverty | ||
 Low | Ref |  |
 High | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |  |
Place of residence | ||
 Urban | Ref | Ref |
 Rural | 1.9* (1.1–3.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
Region | ||
 North Eastern | Ref | Ref |
 North Western | 0.3*** (0.2–0.6) | 0.5** (0.3–0.8) |
 Central Eastern | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) |
 Central | 0.5* (0.3–0.9) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
 Central Western | 0.6* (0.4–0.9) | 0.5* (0.3–0.9) |
 Southern Eastern | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
 Southern Western | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.4*** (0.2–0.6) |