Table 3 Estimation results of generalized simultaneous equation model (N = 20,315)

Household water treatment (HWT_i) (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

−0.262***

(0.045)

0.098

(0.125)

Having diarrhea in the last 30 days (Diarrhea_i) (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

0.186*

(0.096)

–

Number of children in the household

0.031***

(0.011)

–

Number of meals per day in the household

0.099***

(0.030)

–

Hours of watching TV per day on an average day

− 0.021*

(0.012)

–

Gender (=1 if male; =0 if female)

0.176***

(0.030)

–

Household income is below poverty line (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

0.115***

(0.038)

− 0.230*

(0.123)

Highest education of adults in the household: less than elementary school (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

0.079

(0.052)

–

Highest education of adults in the household: elementary school (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

− 0.078*

(0.043)

–

Highest education of adults in the household: middle school (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

− 0.408***

(0.057)

–

Caste category: Brahmin (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

− 0.067

(0.180)

0.329

(0.536)

Caste category: Forward/General (except Brahmin) (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

− 0.135

(0.170)

− 0.355

(0.520)

Caste category: Other Backward Castes (OBC) (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

0.100

(0.168)

0.087

(0.511)

Caste category: Scheduled Castes (SC) (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

0.114

(0.169)

0.077

(0.516)

Caste category: Scheduled Tribes (ST) (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

0.158

(0.176)

−0.493

(0.558)

Cooking in the household is generally done outdoors (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

–

0.111

(0.117)

Having a toilet at home (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

–

−0.001

(0.101)

Washing hands after defecating (=1 if yes; =0 otherwise)

–

0.982**

(0.452)

Log-likelihood = −23,117.747