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Table 1 Sample characteristics by depression status in SAGE Wave 1

From: The role of unhealthy lifestyles in the incidence and persistence of depression: a longitudinal general population study in four emerging countries

Baseline variables

Persistent depression

Incident depression

p 1 (E.S)2

Age n (%) Mean (SD)

51.38 (14.77)

50.24 (15.39)

0.82

Women, n (%)

161 (75.23)

395 (66.50)

0.018 (0.08)

Unemployed, n (%)

73 (50)

180 (40.91)

0.060

Country, n (%)

  

0.37

Mexico

80 (37.38)

203 (34.18)

 

Ghana

4 (1.87)

25 (4.21)

 

Russia

6 (2.80)

21 (3.54)

 

India

124 (57.94)

345 (58.1)

 

Household income, n (%)

 

0.21

1th & 2nd quintile

89 (41.59)

218 (36.7)

 

3rd, 4th & 5th quintile

125 (58.41)

376 (63.30)

 

Education, n (%)

 

0.65

Less than primary

92 (42.99)

244 (41.22)

 

At least primary completed

122 (57.01)

348 (58.78)

 

Health conditions, n (%)

 

<0.001 (0.23)

None

56 (30.11)

293 (55.81)

 

At least one

130 (69.89)

232 (44.19)

 

Global health score, Mean (SD)

60.15 (10.01)

70.10 (14.22)

<0.001 (0.75)

Alcohol n (%)

 

0.98

Never drinkers

151 (92.07)

449 (92.20)

 

Current drinkers

10 (6.10)

31 (6.35)

 

Heavy drinkers

3 (1.83)

8 (1.64)

 

Current smoking n (%)

  

0.51

No current smokers

137 (65.24)

400 (69.57)

 

No-daily smokers

16 (7.62)

37 (6.43)

 

Daily smokers

57 (27.14)

138 (24.0)

 

BMI n (%)

  

0.72

Normal weight

119 (71.69)

355 (70.44)

 

Underweight

21 (12.65)

76 (15.08)

 

Overweight/obese

26 (15.66)

73 (14.48)

 

Physical exercise n (%)

  

0.25

Highly active

135 (63.08)

381 (64.14)

 

Moderately active

23 (10.75)

84 (14.14)

 

Inactive

56 (26.17)

129 (21.72)

 
  1. 1 p-value associated to differences among sets using Chi-squared test (categorical variables) or t test (continuous variables)
  2. 2Effect size measure. Cramer’s V for Chi-squared tests and Cohen’s d for T test