From: The state of the art of twinning, a concept analysis of twinning in healthcare
 |  |  | Attributes |  |  |  | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Health care professional | Definition of twinning | Based on reciprocity or similar | Building personal relation-ships | Between two cultures | Is a dynamic process | Boundaries examples |
[19] AIHA, 2010 | mixed | a partnership that links two entities with shared characteristics to achieve a common goal’ | Y sharing | Y peer relationships | Y | Y | – |
[20] Breiddal, 2009 | mixed | ‘a professional and social collaboration between organizations in different countries to achieve mutual benefits through combined efforts and a common vision’ | Y reciprocity | Y developing friendships with like-minded people | E Canada sub-Sahara Africa | Y | fundraising by ‘Western’ partner, provide one way assistance |
[21] Busse, 2013 | mixed | ‘ when two or more academic institutions or community organizations share collective knowledge and resources to address issues and concerns’ | Y reciprocity | Y builds collective efficacy | Y Ethiopia & USA | Y | – |
[23] Cadée, 2013 | midwives | methodology of mutual exchange between different organisations | Y reciprocity | Y being like sisters | Y Netherlands & Sierra Leone | Y | – |
[28] Chiu, 2005 | nurses | none | N | E | Y Malaysia & Australia | N | obtaining bachelor degree, one way visit |
[24] Dawson,2014 | midwives | partnerships through pairing organisations | Y mutual learning & ownership | Y immersing each other’s practice | Y | E | – |
[29] Foster, 2013 | nurses | none | Y mutual respect and dialogue | Y compassion fatigue | Y USA & Dominican Re-public | Y | – |
[48] Hopkins, 2013 | nurses, physicians | two-way transfer of expertise, advice, knowledge and skills | Y mutual respect from both sides of the partnership is crucial. | N | Y | Y | – |
[18] ICAD, 1999 | nurses, physicians | uses WHO 2001 definition: a formal substantive collaboration between two organisations’ | Y a 2 way process, win-win | Y | N Canadian & different ‘southern’ partners | Y | North/South connections |
[5] ICM, 2014 | midwives | a two-way mutually beneficial exchange between two member Midwives Associations. It is a formal and substantive collaboration between two organisations’[7] | Y collaborative relationships, mutual learning | Y being like sisters (no big or little sister) | Y Canada & Tanzania, Sierra Leone & The Netherlands Mali & Switzerland Papua new Guinea & Australia Japan & Philippines | Y | – |
[16] Foster, 2009 | physicians | none | E | E | E | E | matching organisations |
[25] Ireland, 2015 | midwives | none | Y reciprocity | Y | Y Nepal & England | E | one way help |
[30] Jiang, 2015 | nurses | A collaborative relationship between 2 similar organizations. | Y mutual respect | Y | Y China & USA | Y dynamic cooperative atmosphere | funding by ‘Western’ partner |
[17] Kohi, 2010 | nurses | none (matching) | ? | N | Y Tanzania & US | N | matching organisations |
[22] Macdonagh, 2002 | mixed | The establishment of a formal link between a specific department/ institution in the UK and a corresponding department/institution in the developing world | Y mutuality | E | Y Tanzania & UK | Y | help from a developed country |
[33] Qaddoumi, 2009 | physicians | none | Y mutual relationship | E | Y Jordan & Canada | Y | help from a developed country |
[26] RCM, 2015 | midwives | none | Y reciprocity and mutuality | Y sisterhood | Y England & Nepal Scotland & Uganda Wales & Cambodia | E | – |
[49] Herschderfer, 2012 | midwives | two midwifery organisations and 40 midwives are linked with the joint aim of improving maternal health, basing the relationship on reciprocity | Y reciprocity | Y Being like sisters | Y Netherlands & Sierra Leone Netherlands & Morocco | Y | – |
[32] Veerman, 2005 | physicians | twinning is an established form of cooperation between resource rich and resource limited countries. | E | N | Y Indonesia & The Netherlands | E | – |