Reference (year) | Country of origin/ethnic sample | Eventual host country | Gender: number of subjects | Age (years) | BMI | Actual body image and self-perception | Ideal body image | Dissatisfaction and FID | Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NORTH AFRICA | |||||||||
Nicolau et al. (2008) [22] | Morocco | Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Male: 56 | 18–30 Mean: 21.6 ± 3.4 | BMI: 23.4 ± 2.8 Ow: 19.6 % Ob: 3.6 % | 4.1 ± 0.8 | Self: 4.2 ± 0.5 Own sex: 4.4 ± 0.7, Opposite sex: 4.2 ± 1.1 | Want to be thinner: 21.8 % | 7 silhouettes developed by Colllins [49] |
Female: 104 | 18–30 Mean: 23.4 ± 4.2 | BMI: 23.1 ± 4.1 Ow: 24.8 % Ob: 11.5 % | 4.6 ± 1.0 | Self: 3.9 ± 0.7 Own sex: 4.1 ± 0.6, Opposite sex: 4.2 ± 0.6 | Want to be thinner: 57.6 % | 7 silhouettes developed by Colllins [49] | |||
Morocco | Amsterdam, The Netherlands/ Second generation immigrants | Female: 22 | 20–59 Mean: 34.5 |  |  | Preferred silhouettes from 2 to 4. The most attractive is number 4. | A lot of women desire to lose weight | 7 silhouettes developed by Colllins [49] | |
Nicolau et al. (2009) [23] | Morocco (Al Hoceima, Rif region) |  | Female: 31 | 16–48 Mean: 25.7 |  |  | Preferences are between silhouettes 2 to 4. The most attractive is number 4 | A lot of women desire to lose weight | 7 silhouettes developed by Colllins [49] |
Gualdi-Russo et al. In press [24] | North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt) | Italy | Female: 105 | Mean: 36.3 ± 7.8 | BMI: 28.4 ± 4.8 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 3.9 ± 1.6 | FID: +1.99 ± 2.31 | 9 silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50] |
Gualdi-Russo et al. In press [24] | Morocco (Casablanca) |  | Female: 124 | Mean: 39.5 ± 13.1 | BMI: 26.4 ± 5.2 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | FID: +1.50 ± 1.83 | 9 silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50] |
Gualdi-Russo et al. In press [24] | Tunisia (Tunis) |  | Female: 104 | Mean: 28.7 ± 11.5 | BMI: 25.5 ± 5.5 | 5.2 ± 2.4 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | FID: +1.40 ± 2.41 | 9 silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50] |
Lahmam et al. (2008) [30] | Morocco (High Atlas)/ Amazigh people |  | Male: 165 | ≥20 | BMI: 22.9 ± 3.2 Uw: 6.7 % Nw: 69.01 % Ow: 21.8 % Ob: 2.4 % | False perception: 48.5 %, uw: 46.7 %, ow: 1.8 % Right perception: 51.5 % |  | Gain weight: 40.0 % Sat: 59.4 % Lose weight: 0.6 % | Self-administered questionnaire |
Female: 271 | ≥20 | BMI: 25.0 ± 4.2 Uw: 3.7 % Nw: 50.2 % Ow: 32.8 % Ob: 13.3 % | False perception: 75.2 %, uw: 74.5 % ow: 0.8 %. Right perception: 24.7 % |  | Gain weight: 53.1 % Sat: 45.8 % Lose weight: 1.1 % | Self-administered questionnaire | |||
Morocco (Laayoun)/Sahraoui women |  | Female: 249 | ≥15 | BMI: 26.1 ± 5.6 Uw: 2.7 % Nw: 47.1 % Ow: 28.3 % Ob: 21.9 % Ow-Ob: 50.2 % |  | Ideal body size: 4.88 ± 0.86 Healthy body size: 4.33 ± 0.82 | Gain weight: 16.9 % Sat: 79.9 % Lose weight: 3.2 % | 9 silhouettes developed by Leandris et al. [51] and self-administered questionnaire | |
Jafri et al. (2013) [29] | Morocco (Casablanca) |  | Female: 425 | ≥18 | BMI: 29.9 Ow: 36.2 % Ob: 47.4 % | Right perception: 47 %. Ow-ob underestimate: 36.1 % |  | Gain weight: 16.7 % | Self-administered questionnaire |
Egypt (Assiut) |  | Male: 1504 | Mean: 19.3 ± 1.6 | Uw: 7 % Nw: 68 % Ow: 19 % Ob: 6 % | Self-perception: Uw: 17 % Nw: 60 % Ow: 23 % |  | Sat: 64 % dis: 46 %; no BIC: 74.4 %, mild BIC: 17.3 %, moderate/marked BIC: 8.3 % | Body Shape Questionnaire by Cooper et al. [52]; BIC: Body Image Concern [52] | |
 | Female: 1663 | Mean: 18.6 ± 1.2 | Uw: 6 % Nw: 62 % Ow: 25 % Ob: 7 % | Self-perception: Uw: 11 % Nw: 56 % Ow: 14 % |  | Sat: 45 %, dis: 55 %; no BIC: 60 %, mild BIC: 24.2 % moderate/marked BIC: 15.8 % | Body Shape Questionnaire by Cooper et al. [52]; BIC: Body Image Concern [52] | ||
Tlili et al. (2008) [17] | Tunisia (Tunis) |  | Female: 203 | 18–52 | BMI: 26.1 ± 5.6; Uw: 2.7 % Nw: 47.1 % Ow: 28.3 % Ob: 21.9 % Ow-Ob: 50.2 % |  |  | Dis: 62.1 % Lose weight: 47.3 % Gain weight: 14.8 % Ow-ob want to lose weight: 77.9 % | 6 photographic silhouettes developed by Bush et al. [44] |
Jaeger et al. (2002) [33] | Tunisia (Tunis) |  | Male and Female: 52 | 19–23 Mean: 21.4 ± 1.1 | BMI: 22 ± 3 | 3.6 | 2.8 | FID: +0.8 | 10 silhouettes (self-administered questionnaire) |
CENTRAL AFRICA | |||||||||
Benkeser et al. (2012) [39] | Ghana (Accra Metropolitan Area) |  | Female: 2814 | Mean: 46.28 ± 18.21 | BMI: 28.34 ± 6.69 | 5.05 ± 1.45 | 4.84 ± 1.45 |  | 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard et al. [53] |
Frederick (2008) [4] | Ghana (HO, rural) |  | Male: 22 | Mean: 24.5 ± 8.0 |  |  | Female ideal body: 4.4 ± 1.4 |  | Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Modified Version; 9 women's silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50]) |
Female: 26 | Mean: 30.6 ± 12.23 |  | 5.1 ± 2.2 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | FID: +0.5 ± 1.7 | Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Modified Version; 9 women's silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50]) | |||
Siervo et al. (2006) [40] | Gambia (Bakau-Kanifing Municipal Area) |  | Female: 50 | Mean: 18.6 ± 3.4 | BMI: 20.6 ± 4.1 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | FID: −0.38 ± 2.5 | Body Image Assessment for Obesity (18 silhouettes developed by Williamson et al. [54]); 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard [53] |
Female: 50 | Mean: 42.5 ± 5.2 | BMI: 30.3 ± 5.2 | 7.8 ± 3.0 | 5.0 ± 2.6 | FID: +2.8 ± 3.0 | Body Image Assessment for Obesity (18 silhouettes developed by Williamson et al. [54]); 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard [53] | |||
Male: 50 | Mean: 19.3 ± 2.6 | BMI: 19.0 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.6 | FID: −1.2 ± 1.9 | Body Image Assessment for Obesity (18 silhouettes developed by Williamson et al. [54]); 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard [53] | |||
Male: 50 | Mean: 42.0 ± 5.3 | BMI: 22.3 ± 3.9 | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 5.5 ± 2.1 | FID: −0.08 ± 1.8 | Body Image Assessment for Obesity (18 silhouettes developed by Williamson et al. [54]); 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard [53] | |||
Holdsworth et al. (2004) [41] | Senegal (Dakar) |  | Female: 301 | 20–50 | BMI: 25.4 ± 5.6 | 2.90 | 2.40 |  | 6 photographic silhouettes developed by Bush et al. [44] |
Okoro et al. (2014) [42] | Nigeria (Yoruba) |  | Male: 220 | Mean: 42.6 ± 17.2 | BMI: 21.7 ± 3.7 | 4.30 ± 0.99 | 4.72 ± 1.06 |  | 9 silhouettes developed by Becker et al. [55] |
Female: 304 | Mean: 44.9 ± 16.7 | BMI: 24.6 ± 5.5 | 4.33 ± 1.17 | 4.41 ± 1.22 |  | 9 silhouettes developed by Becker et al. [55] | |||
Jaeger et al. (2002) [33] | Gabon (Libreville) |  | Male and Female: 100 | 19–23 Mean: 19.5 ± 1.3 | BMI: 20.8 ± 2.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | FID: +0.2 | 10 silhouettes (self-administered questionnaire) |
Jaeger et al. (2002) [33] | Ghana (Techiman) |  | Male and Female: 58 | 19–23 Mean: 19.3 ± 1.3 | BMI: 22.4 ± 4.6 | 3.9 | 4.2 | FID: −0.3 | 10 silhouettes (self-administered questionnaire) |
Ettarh et al. (2013) [43] | Kenya (Korogocho and Viwandani slums of Nairobi) |  | Male: 2669 | ≥18 Mean: 42 | Uw: 9.8 % Nw: 72.9 % Ow: 15.0 % Ob: 2.3 % | Self-perception: Uw: 13.2 % Nw: 52.7 % Ow: 20.8 % Ob: 13.4 % | Ideal body size: Uw: 6.1 %, Nw: 41.3 % Ow: 32.0 % Ob: 20.6 % |  | 18 silhouettes developed by Williamson et al. (1989) [54] |
Female: 2265 | ≥18 Mean: 42 | Uw: 5.1 % Nw: 51.5 % Ow: 27.9 % Ob: 15.5 % | Self-perception: Uw: 14.2 % Nw: 50.5 % Ow: 22.2 % Ob: 13.2 % | Ideal body size: Uw: 7.1 % Nw: 53.4 % Ow: 24.8 % Ob: 14.8 % |  | 18 silhouettes developed by Williamson et al. (1989) [54] | |||
SOUTHERN AFRICA | |||||||||
Swami et al. (2012) [25] | Zimbabwe | UK (London) | Female: 138 | 18–49 Mean: 26.6 ± 6.7 | BMI: 24.9 ± 4.62 | 5.89 ± 1.95 | Self: 4.39 ± 1.35 Typical female: 4.31 ± 1.47 Most attractive: 3.66 ± 1.19 | BAS: + 1.64 ± 0.95; FID: 1.50 ± 1.06 | Photographic Figure Rating Scale (10 photographic silhouettes; Swami et al. [56]; BAS: Body Appreciation Scale [57]; BMI (self-reported) |
Swami et al. (2012) [25] | Zimbabwe (Harare) |  | Female: 140 | 18–46 Mean: 25.3 ± 6.87 | BMI: 24.81 ± 4.61 | 4.54 ± 1.91 | Self: 4.99 ± 1.10 Typical female: 4.71 ± 1.16 Most attractive: 5.17 ± 1.07 | BAS: 1.19 ± 0.93; FID: −0.45 ± 0.31 | Photographic Figure Rating Scale (10 photographic silhouettes; Swami et al. [56]; BAS: Body Appreciation Scale [57]; BMI (self-reported) |
Tovée et al. (2006) [26] | South Africa (Mshwati Mpolveni)/Zulus | UK | Male: 25; Female: 27 | Mean: 26.6 ± 6.87 |  |  | Female ideal BMI: 23.99 |  | 50 high-resolution photographic images (self-administered questionnaire) |
Tovée et al. (2006) [26] | Britons of African descent | UK/Second generation immigrants | Male: 34; Female: 32 | Mean: 24.4 ± 4.53 |  |  | Female ideal BMI: 20.68 |  | 50 high-resolution photographic images (self-administered questionnaire) |
Tovée et al. (2006) [26] | South Africa (Mshwati Mpolveni)/Zulus |  | Male: 19; Female: 16 | Mean: 25.6 ± 4.47 |  |  | Female ideal BMI: 26.52 |  | 50 high-resolution photographic images (self-administered questionnaire) |
McHiza et al. (2011) [34] | South Africa (Cape Town, urban area) |  | Female: 44 | Mean: 38.5 ± 9.0 | BMI: 32.1 ± 7.1 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | FID: 1.1 ± +2.0 | 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard et al. [53] |
Swami et al. (2010) [2] | South Africa (Cape Town, urban area) |  | Male: 52; Female: 48 | Mean: 38.4 ± 11.1 | BMI: 23.3 ± 3.8 | Female Actual: 4.5 | Female Ideal: 3.2 |  | 9 silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50]; BMI (self-reported) |
Swami et al. (2010) [2] | South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, rural area) |  | Male: 45; Female: 60 | Mean: 38.4 ± 11.1 | BMI: 40.1 ± 10.4 | Female Actual: 6.0 | Female Ideal: 5.6 |  | 9 silhouettes developed by Thompson and Grey [50]; BMI (self-reported) |
Jaeger et al. (2002) [33] | South Africa (Cape Town)/black origin |  | Male and Female: 21 | 19–23 Mean: 19.3 ± 0.9 | BMI: 23.9 ± 4.3 | 4.3 | 2.6 | FID: +1.7 | 10 silhouettes (self-administered questionnaire) |
Peltezer et al. (2012) [35] | South Africa |  | Male: 100 | ≥18 | BMI: 21.1 |  |  | BASS: 3.95 ± 0.70 | The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire [58]; BASS: Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale. |
Female:189 | ≥18 | BMI: 23 |  |  | BASS: 3.91 ± 0.73 | The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire [58]; BASS: Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale. | |||
Puoane et al. (2005) [36] | South Africa (Khayelitsha, Cape Town)/black origin |  | Female: 44 | 28–60 Mean: 43.2 ± 7.2 | BMI: 40.0 ± 8.1 Uw: 0 % Nw: 4.7 % Ow: 4.7 % Ob: 90.7 % | Self-perception: Uw: 7 % Nw: 48 % Ow/Ob: 45 % | Preferred BMI: 27 |  | 8 silhouettes developed by Stunkard et al. [53] |
Faber et al. (2005) [37] | South Africa (KwaZulu Natal, rural area)/black origin |  | Female: 187 | 25–55 | Uw: 0 % Nw: 28.9 % Ow: 41.2 % Ob: 29.9 % |  |  | Sat: 37 % Dis: 11 % Lose weight: 8 % Ow-ob want to lose weight: 25 %% | Self-administered questionnaire |
Senekal et al. (2001) [38] | South Africa (rural and urban area)/black origin |  | Female: 180 | Mean: 20 ± 4.4 | BMI: 22.6 ± 3.8 Uw: 25.7 % Nw: 52.5 % Ow: 16.8 % Ob: 5.0 % | Self-perception: Uw: 6.1 % Nw: 67.0 % Ow: 26.3 % Ob: 0.6 % |  |  | Body Shape Questionnaire by Cooper et al. [52] |