Table 2 Comparison of different frameworks for international collaboration with Emerson et al.’s [17] model of collaborative governance focusing on the development and implementation of the collaboration
Drivers of the collaboration | Members of the collaboration | Principled engagement | Shared motivation | Capacity for joint collaboration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dowling et al. [19] | - Agreement on need for collaboration | - Agreement on purpose of collaboration | - Engagement and commitment - Trust, reciprocity and respect | - Favorable environment - Accountability procedures - Leadership and management | |
Googlins and Rochlin [7] | - Obtaining commitment from leadership | - Defining clear goals | - Frequent communication - Allocating human resources for specific tasks - Sharing of resources | ||
Huxham et al. [13] | - Working relationships - Need for multiple partners | - Members partaking in the collaboration | - Working relationships - Governance and responsibilities - Representatives of collaboration | ||
KFPE [20] | - Setting the agenda together | - Interaction with stakeholders - Promoting mutual learning | - Clarifying responsibilities - Sharing data and networks | ||
Lasker et al. [10] | - Leadership - Management | - Partner participation - Partner relationships | - Staff support - Sufficient resources - Management - Communication - Governance - Partnership structure | ||
Lowndes and Skelcher [21] | - Pre-partnership collaboration | - Partnership creation and consolidation | - Pre-partnership collaboration | - Partnership creation and consolidation |