Table 1 Summary of covariates by faculty type

 Set joint goals with twin

  No

6

8.5

26

23.2

  Yes

47

66.2

65

58.0

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Very effective skill transfer (USF-to-RF)

  No

23

32.4

92

82.1

  Yes

25

35.2

9

8.0

  Missing

23

32.4

11

9.8

 Very satisfied with twinning experience overall

  No

33

46.5

65

58.0

  Yes

20

28.2

26

23.2

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Number of hours per week spent working with twin

  0–9 hours

22

31.0

42

37.5

  10–19 hours

12

16.9

17

15.2

  20+ hours

19

26.8

32

28.6

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Discipline

  Nurse/midwife

32

45.1

36

32.1

  Physician

14

19.7

55

49.1

  Health manager

5

7.0

7

6.3

  Lecturer, academic

20

28.2

11

9.8

  Missing

0

0.0

3

2.7

 Primary work site

  CHUB, CHUK, KFH, RMH, Muhima

10

14.1

18

16.1

  CMHS, multiple

34

47.9

80

71.4

  Nursing outside Kigali

27

38.0

14

12.5

 Years since training

  7+ years

13

18.3

73

65.2

  4–6 years

18

25.4

17

15.2

  1–3 years

21

29.6

14

12.5

  Completed prior to HRH, not yet completed

19

26.8

8

7.1

 Previous teaching experience

  Moderate-little teaching

48

67.6

64

57.1

  Significant teaching

23

32.4

48

42.9

 Time spent in resource limited countries before HRH

  Short trips <1 month, none

51

45.5

  Medium trips <6 months

17

15.2

  Long trips >6 months

44

39.3

 Applied talent and expertise

  Do not agree

74

66.1

  Agree/strongly agree

28

25.0

  Missing

10

8.9

 Preparation for work in Rwanda

  Well prepared

20

17.9

  Moderately prepared

50

44.6

  Poorly prepared

29

25.9

  Missing

13

11.6

 Experience working with people from Western culture before HRH

  A lot

22

31.0

  Moderate

35

49.3

  None or minimal

14

19.7

 Twin values ALL of the following: my expertise, my opinion, our department hierarchy, my professional interests or goals

  No

45

63.4

58

51.8

  Yes

2

2.8

14

12.5

  Missing

24

33.8

40

35.7

 Twin shows ANY of the following: withholds information, acts arrogantly, takes credit for others work, strives for power over others

  No

28

39.4

24

21.4

  Yes

32

45.1

80

71.4

  Missing

11

15.5

8

7.1

 USI faculty is providing adequate mentorship in at least one of these roles: educator, clinician, researcher, administrator

  No

30

42.3

82

73.2

  Yes

23

32.4

9

8.0

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Twin handles criticism and admits mistakes quite well or extremely well

  Yes

7

9.9

10

8.9

  No

5

7.0

19

17.0

  Missing

59

83.1

83

74.1

 Number of twins ever had

  1

34

47.9

52

46.4

  2

18

25.4

29

25.9

  3+

12

16.9

31

27.7

  Missing

7

9.9

0

0.0

 Changed twins

  No change

37

52.1

54

48.2

  Changed one or more times, no longer twinned

23

32.4

40

35.7

  Missing

11

15.5

18

16.1

 Gender differences

  Same gender

36

50.7

57

50.9

  USF female, RF male

16

22.5

27

24.1

  USF male, RF female

1

1.4

7

6.3

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Age differences

  < 5 year difference

22

31.0

32

28.6

  5–10 year difference

8

11.3

25

22.3

  USF >10 years older

15

21.1

28

25.0

  RF >10 years older

8

11.3

6

5.4

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Ability to communicate in English, French, or Kinyarwanda

  Excellent in at least one

28

39.4

52

46.4

  Moderate, fair, or poor in all

21

29.6

39

34.8

  Missing

22

31.0

21

18.8

 Relationship with twin

  Profession and social, other

36

50.7

39

34.8

  Professional only

17

23.9

52

46.4

  Missing

18

25.4

21

18.8

 Twinning model best to achieve HRH Program goals

  No

8

11.3

39

34.8

  Yes

41

57.7

28

25.0

  Maybe

17

23.9

45

40.2

  Missing

5

7.0

0

0.0

 When understood twinning

  Once I started working / still do not understand

36

50.7

43

38.4

  Before or during orientation

28

39.4

69

61.6

  Missing

7

9.9

0

0.0

 HRH Program goals are clear

  Yes

60

84.5

79

70.5

  Missing

11

15.5

33

29.5

 Nature of any difficulty with twin

  No difficulty

39

54.9

59

52.7

  Task related or clinical difficulty

5

7.0

5

4.5

  Time or availability difficulty

8

11.3

20

17.9

  Missing

19

26.8

28

25.0

 Cultural differences: % of 16 items that were ‘moderately’ or ‘extremely’ different

  Less than half moderate or extremely different

18

25.4

9

8.0

  More than half moderate or extremely different

25

35.2

88

78.6

  Missing

28

39.4

15

13.4

 HRH Program promotes a culture of respect

  Yes

21

29.6

28

25.0

  Most of the time

15

21.1

52

46.4

  Rarely

7

9.9

17

15.2

  Missing

28

39.4

15

13.4

 Senior leadership at work site support HRH Program

  Agree or strongly agree

40

56.3

45

40.2

  Disagree or strongly disagree

2

2.8

24

21.4

  Neutral

1

1.4

30

26.8

  Missing

28

39.4

13

11.6

Overall

71

100

112

100