From: Globalization of leptospirosis through travel and migration
Reference | Country | Country of exposure | Region/City | Disease confirmation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Walter et al., [54], | Germany | Canada | Â | Â |
Grobusch et al., [53] | Germany | Dominican Republic | Playa Dorada, Santiago/Los Ciruelitos, Santa Domingo, Juan Dolio, Mao | ELISA |
Teichmann et al., [59] | Germany | Philippines | Â | MAT |
Green and Busuttil, [58] | Germany | Sardinia | Â | Â |
Bernasconi et al., [57] | Germany | Switzerland | Southern | Â |
Steffens et al., [56] | Germany | Thailand | Â | Serology, PCR |
Seilmaier and Guggemos [55] | Germany | Thailand and Laos | Â | Serology |
Gelman et al., [73] | USA | Ecuador, Costa Rica | Â | Culture, Dark field microscopy |
Duplessis et al., [51] | USA | Hawaii | Maunuwili falls | Â |
Pashkow et al., [75] | USA | Honduras | Â | Â |
Haake et al., [76] | USA | Malaysia | Sabah | Dip-S-Ticks, PanBio ELISA, Culture |
Mortimer [74] | USA | Malaysia | Sarawak | Â |
Coursin et al., [52] | USA | USA | Hawaii | MAT |
Monsuez et al., [67] | France | Africa | Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) | ELISA |
Perret et al., [68] | France | Gabon | Â | IgM |
Jaureguiberry et al., [66] | France | Ivory Coast - 1, China - 1 | Â | ELISA, MAT |
Simon et al., [69] | France | Mauritius Island | Â | ELISA, MAT, PCR |
Arzouni et al., [65] | France | Portugal and Spain | Â | Dark field microscopy, PCR, Western blot, Culture |
Maldonado et al., [64] | Netherlands | China | Â | MAT |
Arcilla et al., [60] | Netherlands | Dominican Republic | Altos de Chavón | MAT, ELISA, PCR |
Wagenaar et al., [63] | Netherlands | Malaysia | Langkawi island | ELISA, MAT |
Helmerhorst et al., [61] | Netherlands | Thailand | Bangkok and the North of Thailand | MAT |
Kager et al., [62] | Netherlands | Thailand | Â | Serology Culture |
Heron et al., [70] | Australia | Africa, Ghana | Ghana | Â |
Gill et al., [71] | Australia | Fiji | Â | ELISA (IgM) |
Korman et al., [72] | Australia | Indonesia | Kalimantan | MAT, Culture, Dark field microscopy |
Hadad et al., [32] | Israel | Israel | Jordan river (Nothern Israel) | MAT |
Paz et al., [77] | Israel | Thailand, Cambodia | Kochang island, Thailand | MAT |
Leung et al., [78] | Canada | Malaysia | Northeastern Malaysia | ELISA, MAT |
Lagi et al., [80] | Australia | Italy | Venice | PCR, MAT |
Sakamoto et al., [81] | Japan | Indonesia | Bali island | Dark field microscopy, MAT |
Myrstad et al., [79] | Norway | France | Southern France | IgM, IgG |
Guron et al., [82] | Sweden | Thailand | Â | Serology |