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Table 4 Complications of the renal system

From: Challenges in diabetes management in Indonesia: a literature review

Estimate

Study year

Sample frame and sample

Study design

Diagnostic test and diagnostic criteria

Reference

Diabetic nephropathy

7.3%, n = 131, N = 1785

Nov 2008 - Feb 2009

Sample frame: 18 diabetes centres, nationally representative

Cross-sectional study

Blood samples

[26]

Sample: 1785 DM T2 patients, > = 15 years old

19.2%, n = 58, N = 302

Year: NA

Sample frame: Diabetes clinic in Surabaya

Retrospective review of medical records over one year

 

[28]

Sample: 302 T2DM patients, 132 males and 170 female, mean age of 55.9 ± 21.1 years

Overt nephropathy 11% Incipient nephropathy 26%

2003

Sample frame: Tertiary care hospital, Outpatient Endocrinology Clinic

Cross sectional study

 

[30]

Sample: 100 consecutive sampling, mean age 54 (SD 9.6) years old, 42% male 58% female

Overt nephropathy 8% Incipient nephropathy 25%

2002

Sample frame: Primary health care, Jakarta (Urban Area)

Cross sectional study

[27]

Sample: NA, 30–60 years old

Chronic kidney disease

Prevalence of decreased glomeral filtration rate (GFR < 60 ml/min) in newly diagnosed patients with type-2 DM:

Jan 2003-Dec 2006

Sample frame: Outpatient Endocrinology clinic, Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital

Retrospective study

 

[25]

Sample: 1283 new diagnosed DM type 2 patients

Cockroft-Gault (CG) All ages: 36.1% ≥ 60 years old: 54.1%

Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) All ages: 13.2% ≥ 60 years old: 19.3%

CG-adjusted to body surface (BSA)

All ages: 43.7%

≥ 60 years old: 63%

Chinese adapted MDRD (C-MDRD) All ages: 22.8%

Creatinine > 2 mg/ml (abnormal level in Indonesia) All ages: 5.8% ≥ 60 years old: 7.5%

Prevalence of decreased glomeral filtration rate (GFR < 60 ml/min) patients with type-2 DM:

2002

Sample frame: Primary health care, Jakarta (Urban Area)

Cross sectional study

 

[27]

Sample: NA, 30–60 years old

30.7% (n = 16, N = 52) Albuminuria: 33%

Prevalence of decreased glomeral filtration rate

Year: NA

Sample frame: Four urban and semi-urban areas: Yogyakarta, Jakarta, Surabaya and Bali

Cross-sectional survey

 

[32]

Cockroft-Gault: GFR ≥ 60 ml/min 87.5% (n = 1310) GFR < 60 ml/min 12.5% (n = 187)

Sample: 9412 (64.1% females). Note: From Prodjosudjadi et al. 2009 it is not clear which sub-sample was used to estimate the glomeral filtration rate.

MDRD

GFR ≥ 60 ml/min 91.4% (n = 1370)

GFR < 60 ml/min 8.6% (n = 129)

C-MDRD GFR ≥ 60 ml/min 92.5% (n = 1386) GFR < 60 ml/min 7.5% (n = 133)

Prevalence of:

May-October 2002

Sample frame: three medical centres (outpatient)

  

[29]

-albuminuria: 77.7%

-macro-albuminuria: 44.7% (41.2-48.1, 95% CI)

-micro-albuminuria: 33% (29.7-36.3, 95% CI)

Sample: 207 patients aged 18 years and older, with hypertension and DMT2

Incidence of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease in Indonesia was 14.5 (n = 2149) and 30.7 (n = 4656) per million population in 2002 and 2006 respectively.

2002-2006

Sample frame: 13 nephrology centres in public and private hospitals

Retrospective study

 

[22]

Sample: Total number of patients on renal replacement therapy (either haemodyalisis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or renal transplant)

Prevalence of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease in Indonesia was 10.2 (n = 1517) and 23.4 (n = 3549) in 2002 and 2006 respectively.

Complications in children with DM type 1

Nov 2001 - April 2002

Sample frame: Seven diabetes centres

Cross-sectional clinic-based survey

 

[21]

Hypoglycaemia (Events per 100 patient-years, rate (95% CI)): 76.2 (3.4 to 149)

Sample: 64 DM type 1 patients (45% boys, 55%, girls), mean age 11

Diabetic ketoacidosis: 20.3 (9.5 to 31.2)

Microalbuminuria (n,%): 3 (4.7)

Hypertension (%) 31.7

  1. Notes: Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), Cockroft-Gault (CG).