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Table 4 Linear mixed effect regression analysis results for CMR, 2008 sub-divided into the WHO framework for the building blocks of a health system (n = 136 countries)

From: Health system determinants of infant, child and maternal mortality: A cross-sectional study of UN member countries

Explanatory Variables

Unadjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted Risk Ratio (95%CI)

I. Human health resources

  

Nursing/midwife density (per 10,000 population)

0.80 (0.69, 0.93)

-

Physician density (per 10,000 population)

0.71 (0.61, 0.82)

0.80 (0.70, 0.92)

II. Health service coverage

  

% Of population with sustainable access to water and sanitation (for a 10% increase)

0.71 (0.65, 0.77)

0.82 (0.75, 0.91)

% Of births attended by skilled staff

0.48 (0.32, 0.72)

-

III. Medical products, vaccines and technology

  

% Measles immunization coverage

0.67 (0.48, 0.94)

-

IV. Health financing

  

Total health expenditure per person (USD)

0.73 (0.66, 0.82)

-

Out-of-pocket expenditure on health (as a % of total health expenditure)

1.64 (1.28, 2.10)

1.29 (1.01, 1.65)

Government health expenditure (USD)

0.63 (0.56, 0.70)

-

Private share of total health expenditure (%)

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

-

V. Leadership and governance

  

Corruption index ( log of)

0.35 (0.24, 0.52)

0.58 (0.40, 0.84)

Demographic variables

  

Fertility rate (average number of children per woman)

3.54 (2.28, 5.49)

-

Population growth value (annual %)

1.25 (1.04, 1.52)

-

Urban population value (annual %)

1.31 (1.15, 1.50)

-

Female labour force participation (%)

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

-

  1. - : Not selected in final model
  2. CI: Confidence interval
  3. A Risk Ratio below 1 corresponds to a protective variable
  4. A Risk Ratio above 1 corresponds to a risk factor