Table 2 Demographics and antenatal parameters of cases and controls

Age, mean (SD)

28.1 (6.4)

30.9 (5.5)

0.001

Parity, median (IQR)

2 (1 – 5)

2 (1 – 7)

0.514

Gravidity, median (IQR)

2 (1 – 6)

2 (1 – 7)

0.054

Formal education, n (%)

 ≤11 years

53 (68.8)

69 (44.8)

<0.001

Knew HIV status prior to index pregnancy, n (%)

10 (13.0)

67 (43.5)

<0.001

Knew partner’s HIV status, n (%)

37 (48.1)

87 (56.5)

0.230

Unplanned pregnancy, n (%)

64 (83.1)

87 (56.5)

<0.001

Gestational age at 1^st antenatal visit, weeks, n (%)

 ≤20 weeks

32 (45.5)

115 (78.2)

<0.001

 *Baseline CD4 count (cells/mm²), n (%)

 ≤350

34 (58.6)

54 (48.7)

0.220

Antenatal antiretrovirals received, n (%)

 AZT

48 (62.3)

83 (53.9)

<0.001

 ART

9 (11.7)

66 (42.9)

 None

17 (22.9)

1 (0.7)

 Unknown

3 (3.9)

4 (2.6 )

Intrapartum antiretrovirals received, n (%)

 sdNVP

7 (9.1)

35 (22.7)

<0.001

 sdNVP and AZT

43 (55.8)

15 (9.7)

 AZT only

13 (16.9)

36 (23.4)

 ART

8 (10.4)

57 (37.0)

 None

6 (7.8)

11 (7.1)