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Table 3 Multivariate analysis of associations between hazardous and harmful drinking, and unsafe sex, violence and incident HIV among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya

From: Effects of hazardous and harmful alcohol use on HIV incidence and sexual behaviour: a cohort study of Kenyan female sex workers

Outcome variable

No. of events

Exposure variable

Unadjusted ratio(95% CI)

Adjusted ratio (95% CI)

P

Unsafe sex

Five or more sexual partners in past 7 days*

218

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

179

Low-risk drinking

1.18 (0.96-1.43)

1.25 (1.02-1.52)

0.03

151

Hazardous drinking

1.18 (0.96-1.45)

1.29 (1.04-1.60)

0.02

129

Harmful or dependant

1.66 (1.33-2.06)

1.70 (1.36-2.13)

<0.001

Unprotected sex with casual clients*

46

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

32

Low-risk drinking

1.01 (0.64-1.58)

1.03 (0.66-1.62)

0.90

40

Hazardous drinking

1.49 (0.98-2.28)

1.56 (1.01-2.42)

0.05

50

Harmful or dependant

3.07 (2.06-4.60)

2.96 (1.95-4.50)

<0.001

Unprotected sex with regular clients*

94

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

62

Low-risk drinking

0.95 (0.69-1.31)

0.96 (0.69-1.32)

0.76

81

Hazardous drinking

1.47 (1.09-1.98)

1.52 (1.12-2.07)

0.008

75

Harmful or dependant

2.25 (1.66-3.05)

2.26 (1.65-3.10)

<0.001

Unprotected sex with boyfriend or husband*

296

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

215

Low-risk drinking

1.04 (0.87-1.24)

1.05 (0.88-1.26)

0.56

181

Hazardous drinking

1.04 (0.87-1.25)

1.08 (0.90-1.31)

0.41

130

Harmful or dependant

1.22 (1.00-1.51)

1.23 (0.99-1.52)

0.06

Sexual and physical violence

Physically forced to have sex #

20

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

12

Low-risk drinking

0.89 (0.41-1.93)

0.87 (0.40-1.88)

0.72

19

Hazardous drinking

1.87 (0.93-3.76)

1.75 (0.85-3.58)

0.13

20

Harmful or dependant

4.21 (2.01-8.82)

4.14 (1.93-8.89)

<0.001

Physical violence #

37

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

22

Low-risk drinking

0.87 (0.47-1.59)

0.86 (0.47-1.59)

0.61

41

Hazardous drinking

2.91 (1.64-5.17)

3.07 (1.69-5.58)

<0.001

36

Harmful or dependant

7.86 (3.76-16.42)

8.40 (3.92-17.96)

<0.001

Biological outcomes

Pregnancy*

39

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

31

Low-risk drinking

1.16 (0.72-1.85)

1.22 (0.76-1.96)

0.42

18

Hazardous drinking

0.77 (0.44-1.34)

0.87 (0.49-1.54)

0.63

15

Harmful or dependant

1.10 (0.61-2.00)

1.02 (0.56-1.88)

0.94

STI acquisition #

7

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

7

Low-risk drinking

1.49 (0.75-2.94)

1.61 (0.81-3.21)

0.18

6

Hazardous drinking

0.95 (0.43-2.12)

0.97 (0.43-2.22)

0.96

4

Harmful or dependant

1.46 (0.63-3.36)

1.43 (0.60-3.39)

0.42

HIV acquisition*

1

No drinking

1.0

1.0

 

2

Low-risk drinking

2.82 (0.26-31.09)

2.66 (0.23-30.81)

0.43

6

Hazardous drinking

10.5 (1.27-87.58)

9.64 (1.06-87.89)

0.04

1

Harmful or dependant

2.70 (0.17-43.29)

4.34 (0.24-78.33)

0.32

  1. *Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratio); #Logistic regression analysis (odds ratio). All multivariate models adjusted for age, religion and education level. STI is infection with syphilis or trichomonas.