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Table 5 Probability of finding a tracer medicine in a sample outlet, by rural and urban location and manufacturing origin, 2006 and 2009 (40 medicines)

From: Local production of pharmaceuticals in Africa and access to essential medicines: 'urban bias’ in access to imported medicines in Tanzania and its policy implications

Location

2006

2009

Manufactured in Tanzania and imported (20 medicines)

Imported only: not manufactured in Tanzania (20 medicines)

Manufactured in Tanzania and imported (21 medicines)

Imported only: not manufactured in Tanzania (19 medicines)

Rural

0.53 (0.016)

0.26 (0.014)

0.49 (0.016)

0.34 (0.016)

Urban

0.71 (0.015)

0.56 (0.016)

0.63 (0.016)

0.58 (0.017)

Difference

-0.18 (0.022)

-0.30 (0.022)

-0.14 (0.023)

-0.24 (0.023)

Two sample test of proportions:

z-test = -7.91

z-test = -13.27

z-test = -5.93

z-test = -9.91

H0 : Prural = Purban

Pr(|Z| < |z|) = 0.0000

Pr(|Z| < |z|) = 0.0000

Pr(|Z| < |z|) = 0.0000

Pr(|Z| < |z|) = 0.0000

Ha : Prural ≠ Purban

Null-hypothesis is rejected

Null-hypothesis is rejected

Null-hypothesis is rejected

Null-hypothesis is rejected

  1. Note: sampling errors in brackets (in italics).