Pathogen | Origin | Trade-related interaction |
---|---|---|
Salmonella | Described in the late 1880s in swine. Subsequently recognized in humans, poultry, cattle, rodents and exotic pets. | Use of antimicrobials in livestock in response to heightened global competition has contributed to emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains such as S. typhimurium DT104 and S. Newport-MDRAmpC. |
Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Identified as a pathogenic agent in humans in 1982. Hosts include cows, deer, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs. | Intensified production and far-reaching distribution channels in the meat industry enable widespread dissemination in vehicles such as ground beef. |
Cyclospora cayetanensis | First documented cases observed in humans 1977. Only known host is humans. | Hardy oocysts are transported on produce exported to geographic regions where the parasite previously had been largely unknown. |
Listeria monocytogenes | Detected in 1926 in rabbits and guinea pigs, identified as a source of human infection in 1929 and perinatal contamination in 1936. | Increased popularity on the global market of raw milk cheeses and ready-to-eat products contributed to surge in listeriosis. |