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Table 4B Effects of FI on MR

From: Food insecurity, environment, institutional quality, and health outcomes: evidence from South Asia

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

DV: MR

InQ on PN-MR nexus

InQ on KS-MR nexus

InQ on CI-MR nexus

InQ on SE-MR nexus

InQ on PG-MR nexus

InQ on HE-MR nexus

InQ on CO2e-MR nexus

InQ on UR-MR nexus

InQ on InF-MR nexus

Lagged DV

0.443*** (8.35)

0.443*** (5.45)

0.447*** (4.87)

0.439*** (4.55)

0.442*** (4.16)

0.446*** (7.01)

0.450*** (5.12)

0.447*** (4.76)

0.443*** (4.09)

PN

0.0128** (2.30)

0.058*** (3.88)

0.0123** (2.26)

0.0837* (1.83)

0.0872** (2.14)

0.0944* (1.92)

0.0118** (2.10)

0.0122* (1.78)

0.011** (2.28)

KS

-2.630* (-1.67)

-2.064** (-2.11)

-2.542** (-2.09)

-3.079* (-1.85)

-2.683** (-2.10)

-2.555* (-1.69)

-2.389** (-2.01)

-2.675** (-2.45)

-3.077* (-1.77)

CI

3.225*** (3.31)

0.219** (2.32)

0.364*** (3.05)

0.655*** (3.38)

0.446* (1.89)

0.480** (2.19)

0.503*** (3.26)

0.448*** (3.38)

0.427** (2.33)

SE

-0.0370 (-0.78)

-0.0304 (-1.19)

-0.0233 (-0.88)

-0.0531 (-0.69)

-0.041 (-1.10)

-0.0342 (-0.88)

-0.0201 (-0.66)

-0.0337 (-0.82)

-0.0395 (-1.09)

PG

-0.142** (-2.16)

-0.156* (-1.74)

-0.125** (-2.14)

-0.105* (-1.83)

-0.114** (-1.75)

-0.286** (-2.33)

-0.154** (-1.73)

-0.134** (-1.69)

-0.111** (-1.83)

HE

-0.248** (-2.10)

-0.207** (-2.16)

-0.229*** (-4.00)

-0.237* (-1.77)

-0.241* (-1.78)

-0.215* (-1.74)

-0.265** (-2.27)

-0.234** (-2.45)

-0.240* (-1.99)

CO2e

0.361* (1.77)

0.248*** (4.04)

0.375* (1.68)

0.416** (2.12)

0.325*** (3.50)

0.417** (2.67)

0.275*** (4.11)

0.780** (2.53)

0.543* (1.81)

UR

-0.210** (-2.28)

-0.257* (-1.65)

-0.223*** (-4.11)

-0.154* (-1.80)

-0.136** (-2.20)

-0.245* (-1.95)

-0.752** (-2.03)

-0.140** (-2.00)

-0.265** (-2.14)

InF

0.056*** (4.00)

0.522*** (3.59)

0.563* (1.90)

0.532** (2.36)

0.537*** (3.58)

0.543*** (4.01)

0.600** (3.89)

0.528* (1.70)

0.470*** (3.77)

InQ

-0.0771** (-2.23)

-0.0679* (-1.90)

-0.0205** (-2.17)

-0.0654* (-1.87)

-0.026** (-2.22)

-0.067** (-2.15)

-0.0503* (-1.92)

-0.065** (-2.11)

-0.0427* (-1.88)

Moderating effects

 

InQ*PN

0.0044* (1.69)

        

InQ*KS

 

0.424** (2.45)

       

InQ*CI

  

1.693 (0.89)

      

InQ*SE

   

-0.000022 (-1.10)

     

InQ*PG

    

-0.362** (-2.44)

    

InQ*HE

     

-0.143** (-2.18)

   

InQ*CO2e

      

0.031 (1.36)

  

InQ*UR

       

-0.124** (-2.11)

 

InQ*InF

        

0.0067 (1.012)

Constant

5.191*** (9.33)

5.805*** (8.14)

13.322*** (6.15)

12.339*** (4.36)

6.011*** (3.98)

4.360*** (4.45)

4.087*** (8.10)

5.019*** (6.21)

5.369*** (3.17)

Diagnostic checks

 

Observations

159

160

156

158

158

159

159

158

158

Number of IDs

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

Arellano-bond (1)

-4.33**

-4.28***

-4.35***

-4.19***

-3.97***

-4.08***

-4.25***

-4.21***

-4.01***

Arellano-bond (2)

-1.019

-0.852

-1.355

-1.099

-1.389

-1.206

-1.117

-0.906

-1.007

Sargan chi2

30.87

31.90

32.38

30.45

34.17

34.09

31.49

30.99

32.67

  1. Notes: ***, **, and * indicate significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. z-values are in parenthesis. DV: dependent variable, PN: Prevalence of undernourishment, KS: Per capita kilocalorie supply, CI: Inequality in per capita calorie intake, SE: School enrollment rate, PG: Per capita GDP growth, HE: Per capita health expenditures, CO2e: CO2 emissions, UR: Urbanization, InF: Inflation uncertainty, InQ: Institutional quality index. InQ*X refers to the interaction of institutional quality with explanatory variables.
  2. Source: Authors’ computations.
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Globalization and Health

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