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Table 4A Effects of FI on MR

From: Food insecurity, environment, institutional quality, and health outcomes: evidence from South Asia

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

DV: MR

Effects of FI on MR

Effects of InF on PN- MR

Effects of InF on KS- MR

Effects of InF on CI- MR

Effects of InF on SE-MR

Effects of InF on PG-MR

Effects of InF on HE-MR

Effects of InF on CO2e-MR

Effects of InF on UR-MR

Lagged DV

0.438*** (3.99)

0.434*** (4.01)

0.438*** (3.78)

0.440*** (3.88)

0.434*** (4.11)

0.437*** (3.65)

0.440*** (3.77)

0.436*** (3.96)

0.436*** (4.00)

PN

0.0845** (2.24)

0.0349* (1.86)

0.0912** (2.62)

0.0676* (1.85)

0.0109* (1.88)

0.0930* (1.90)

0.0141** (2.64)

0.0112* (1.99)

0.0114* (1.87)

KS

-0.220* (-1.91)

-3.300** (-2.37)

-3.178* (-1.99)

-3.048* (-1.88)

-3.220* (-1.94)

-3.261* (-1.89)

-3.005* (-1.87)

-3.311* (-1.93)

-3.303** (-2.10)

CI

0.740*** (4.09)

4.120*** (3.19)

3.714*** (3.07)

3.008*** (3.65)

3.479*** (3.26)

3.509*** (4.02)

3.141** (2.76)

3.076** (2.33)

3.388** (2.35)

SE

-0.036 (-0.42)

-0.0421 (-0.92)

-0.0363 (-0.88)

-0.0395 (-0.87)

-0.0856 (-0.99)

-0.0396 (-0.88)

-0.0355 (-0.91)

-0.047 (-1.15)

-0.0441 (-1.18)

PG

-0.012** (-2.11)

-0.0111* (-1.87)

-0.0125* (-1.94)

-0.0110* (-1.99)

-0.012** (-2.33)

-0.012** (-2.47)

-0.019** (-2.33)

-0.018** (-2.11)

-0.022** (-2.08)

HE

-0.260** (-2.65)

-0.256** (-2.39)

-0.260** (-2.11)

-0.252* (-1.92)

-0.243** (-2.71)

-0.258** (-2.14)

-0.255** (-2.14)

-0.257** (2.40)

-0.267** (-2.13)

CO2e

0.395*** (4.18)

0.374*** (3.15)

0.394* (1.92)

0.362** (2.44)

0.356*** (3.88)

0.412*** (4.12)

0.376*** (4.22)

0.419*** (3.02)

0.464*** (3.03)

UR

-0.302* (-1.99)

-0.318** (-2.14)

-0.293** (-2.13)

-0.226** (-2.37)

-0.267** (-2.45)

-0.315** (-2.09)

-0.244** (-2.31)

-0.316** (-2.17)

-0.380** (-2.18)

InF

0.0618** (2.18)

0.030*** (2.26)

0.0890*** (3.05)

0.0120*** (3.59)

0.0531*** (3.12)

0.0816** (2.28)

0.0864* (1.97)

0.0146** (2.20)

0.0546** (2.51)

InQ

-0.091** (-2.53)

-0.034** (-2.81)

-0.086** (-2.15)

-0.078** (-2.63)

-0.061** (-2.37)

-0.075** (-2.19)

-0.040** (-2.34)

-0.058** (-2.29)

-0.014** (-2.20)

Moderating effects

         

InF*PN

 

0.00131* (1.84)

       

InF*KS

  

-3.880** (-2.66)

      

InF*CI

   

4.046*** (4.11)

     

InF*SE

    

-0.00128 (-1.03)

    

InF*PG

     

-0.009** (-2.18)

   

InF*HE

      

-0.0005* (-1.91)

  

InF*CO2e

       

0.441* (1.99)

 

InF*UR

        

0.000180 (0.902)

Constant

5.810*** (3.01)

7.520*** (4.45)

5.012*** (3.65)

5.861*** (4.82)

6.315** (4.14)

6.583*** (3.65)

5.739*** (4.24)

7.604*** (3.11)

7.704*** (4.77)

Diagnostic checks

         

Observations

159

160

156

158

158

159

159

158

158

Number of IDs

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

Arellano-bond (1)

-3.88***

-4.13***

-3.98***

-4.39***

-4.01***

-3.89***

-4.110***

-3.91***

-4.17***

Arellano-bond (2)

-0.904

-1.017

-0.844

-1.021

-0.902

-1.014

-0.888

-1.091

-0.855

Sargan chi2

27.33

30.44

30.37

27.91

30.01

29.89

31.01

28.42

31.76

  1. Notes: ***, **, and * indicate significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. z-values are in parenthesis. DV: dependent variable, PN: Prevalence of undernourishment, KS: Per capita kilocalorie supply, CI: Inequality in per capita calorie intake, SE: School enrollment ratio, PG: Per capita GDP growth, HE: Per capita health expenditures, CO2e: CO2 emissions, UR: Urbanization, InF: Inflation uncertainty, InQ: Institutional quality index. InF*X refers to the interaction of inflation uncertainty with explanatory variables.
  2. Source: Authors’ computations.
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