From: Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence
Characteristics | Total (n (%)) | Â | Spillover pathway stage | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wildlife distribution and density | Pathogen prevalence | Pathogen survival and spread | Domesticate animal exposure | Within-domesticated animal barriers | Domesticated animal distribution and density | Pathogen prevalence | Pathogen survival and spread | Human exposure | Within-human barriers | Multiple stages | |||
Target population | Â | Wildlife | Domesticated animals | Humans | Multiple | ||||||||
Total (n (%)) | 111 (100) | 5 (5) | 7 (6) | 1(1) | 4 (4) | 17 (15) | 1 (1) | 18 (16) | 10 (9) | 23 (21) | 5 (5) | 20 (18) | |
Policy and governance level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Local | 34 (31) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 0 | 4 | |
National | 54 (49) | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 14 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 11 | |
Regional (e.g., European region) | 9 (8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
Global | 6 (7) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Policy and governance sector | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Animal health | 18 (16) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | |
Environment | 5 (5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Human health | 17 (15) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 1 | |
Multi-sectoral | 26 (23) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 6 | |
Other or not stated | 45 (41) | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 9 | |
Implementing sector | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Retail | 19 (17) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 0 | 0 | |
Trade | 7 (6) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Farming | 47 (42) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 0 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 10 | |
Human health | 8 (7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | |
Animal health | 8 (7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
Conservation | 9 (8) | 3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Other or multiple | 13 (12) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | |
Country income | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High | 52 (47) | 2 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 9 | |
Upper middle | 31 (28) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 0 | 1 | |
Lower middle | 23 (21) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | |
Low | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
East Asia and Pacific | 46 (41) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 2 | |
Europe and Central Asia | 21 (19) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | |
Latin America & the Caribbean | 4 (4) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Middle East and North Africa | 4 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
North America | 17 (15) | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
South Asia | 2 (2) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 14 (13) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | |
Global | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Avian influenza | 55 (50) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 18 | 12 | 12 | |
Brucellosis | 12 (11) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Hendra virus | 4 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Rabies | 21 (19) | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
Other | 19 (17) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | |
Evaluation type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Formative | 18 (16) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
Process | 42 (38) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 9 | |
Outcome | 35 (32) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 0 | 1 | |
Economic | 13 (12) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | |
Impact | 3 (3) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Policy instrument | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Communication/marketing | 6 (5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Regulation | 4 (4) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Legislation | 65 (59) | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 1 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 0 | 0 | |
Service provision | 16 (14) | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | |
Multiple instruments | 20 (18) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 15 |