Table 3 Occupational hazards, abuses and healthcare during trafficking among fishermen using post-trafficking services in Cambodia and Thailand (n = 275)
Long-haul fishermen (n = 198) | Short-haul fishermen (n = 77) | Whole sample (n = 275) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | |
Occupational hazards (selected) | ||||||
Unstable or heavy work platforms | 169 | 85.4% | 57 | 74.0% | 226 | 82.2% |
Work along rocky coasts or in remote offshore | 111 | 56.1% | 68 | 88.3% | 179 | 65.1% |
Small, unstable or badly maintained fishing vessel | 56 | 28.3% | 38 | 49.4% | 94 | 34.2% |
Badly maintained or no fishing equipment | 48 | 24.2% | 29 | 37.7% | 77 | 28.0% |
No safety/bad or no survival equipment | 105 | 53.0% | 65 | 84.4% | 170 | 61.8% |
Long hours in the sun, cold or wet without a break | 189 | 95.5% | 77 | 100.0% | 266 | 96.7% |
Protective gear | ||||||
Sun hat | 76 | 38.4% | 63 | 81.8% | 139 | 50.6% |
Gloves | 151 | 76.3% | 24 | 31.2% | 175 | 63.6% |
Life vest | 59 | 29.8% | 15 | 19.5% | 74 | 26.9% |
No protective gear given | 28 | 14.1% | 9 | 11.7% | 37 | 13.5% |
Hours worked per day | ||||||
<=8 | 13 | 6.6% | 2 | 2.6% | 15 | 5.5% |
8 to 10 | 0 | 0.0% | 5 | 6.5% | 5 | 1.8% |
11 to 15 | 12 | 6.1% | 13 | 16.9% | 25 | 9.1% |
16 to 19 | 9 | 4.5% | 12 | 15.6% | 21 | 7.6% |
> = 20 | 103 | 52.0% | 12 | 15.6% | 115 | 41.8% |
No fixed hours | 61 | 30.8% | 33 | 42.9% | 94 | 34.2% |
Median hours worked/day (median average deviation)a | 137 | 22 (2) | 44 | 18 (3) | 181 | 21 (3) |
Occupational health risk score (median)b | 198 | 50 | 77 | 60 | 275 | 50 |
Worked every dayf | 192 | 97.5% | 75 | 97.4% | 267 | 97.5% |
No or very few rest breaks | 176 | 88.9% | 69 | 89.6% | 245 | 89.1% |
No time off for sickness or holiday | 172 | 86.9% | 67 | 87.0% | 239 | 86.9% |
Experienced at least 1 serious injuryg | 98 | 49.5% | 30 | 40.0% | 128 | 46.9% |
Injuries still cause pain/difficulty | 57/98 | 58.2% | 9/30 | 30.0% | 66/128 | 51.6% |
Ever needed healthcare or was injured | 129 | 65.2% | 49 | 63.6% | 178 | 64.7% |
Who provided medical cared | ||||||
Doctor | 10 | 7.8% | 2 | 4.1% | 12 | 6.7% |
Nurse | 2 | 1.6% | – | – | 2 | 1.1% |
Owner/manager | 44 | 34.1% | 13 | 26.5% | 57 | 32.0% |
Co-worker | 8 | 6.2% | 5 | 10.2% | 13 | 7.3% |
Received regular health checks from trafficker/employer | 6 | 4.7% | 2 | 4.1% | 8 | 4.5% |
Other | 2 | 1.6% | 2 | 4.1% | 4 | 2.3% |
Did not receive healthcare | 61 | 47.3% | 32 | 65.3% | 93 | 52.3% |
Cheated of wages | 140 | 70.7% | 55 | 71.4% | 195 | 70.9% |
Median payment in USD/day (median average deviation) | 58 | $1.33 ($1.00) | 21 | $2.52 ($1.73) | 79 | $1.44 ($1.14) |
Restricted freedome | 162 | 81.8% | 70 | 90.9% | 232 | 84.4% |
No documents | 151 | 76.3% | 57 | 75.0% | 208 | 75.9% |
Violence severity | ||||||
No violence | 61 | 30.8% | 18 | 23.4% | 79 | 28.7% |
Experienced less severe violence | 36 | 18.2% | 12 | 15.6% | 48 | 17.5% |
Experienced more severe violence | 101 | 51.0% | 47 | 61.0% | 148 | 53.8% |
Living conditions | ||||||
Living and sleeping in overcrowded rooms | 176 | 88.9% | 67 | 87.0% | 243 | 88.4% |
Sleeping in dangerous conditions (close to generator or engine) | 80 | 40.4% | 28 | 36.4% | 108 | 39.3% |
Nowhere to sleep/sleeping on the floor | 141 | 71.2% | 71 | 92.2% | 212 | 77.1% |
Poor basic hygiene | 127 | 64.1% | 52 | 67.5% | 179 | 65.1% |
Inadequate water for drinking | 101 | 51.0% | 44 | 57.1% | 145 | 52.7% |
Insufficient food | 94 | 47.5% | 27 | 35.1% | 121 | 44.0% |
No clean clothing items | 155 | 78.3% | 64 | 83.1% | 219 | 79.6% |
Overexposure to sunlight or rain | 191 | 96.5% | 76 | 98.7% | 267 | 97.1% |
Other hazards | 30 | 15.2% | 21 | 27.3% | 51 | 18.6% |
Living situation score (mean, SD)c | 198 | 5.5 (1.8) | 77 | 5.8 (1.9) | 275 | 5.6 (1.8) |
Alcohol | ||||||
Never drank alcohol | 86 | 43.4% | 44 | 57.1% | 130 | 47.3% |
Drank afew times per year | 82 | 41.1% | 13 | 16.9% | 95 | 34.6% |
Drank afew times per month | 23 | 11.6% | 19 | 24.7% | 42 | 15.3% |
Drank afew times per week | 4 | 2.0% | 1 | 1.3% | 5 | 1.8% |
Drank everyday | 3 | 1.5% | – | – | 3 | 1.1% |
Forced to take drugs by employer or trafficker | 15 | 7.6% | 1 | 1.3% | 16 | 5.8% |