Tobacco smoking trends in Samoa over four decades: can continued globalization rectify that which it has wrought?

Table 3 Effect of mean years of education on tobacco smoking prevalence, by sex, Samoa, 1991-2013^a

	Non-smoker		Current smoker			Daily smoker
MEN	N	Years Education	N	Years Education	p-value	N	Years Education	p-value
1991b	125	9.8 (9.3–10.2)	221	9.1 (8.7–9.6)	0.038	-	-	-
1995	109	9.5 (9.0–10.0)	153	9.0 (8.6–9.4)	0.159	-	-	-
2002	512	10.9 (10.6–11.2)	674	10.3 (10.0–10.5)	<0.001	576	10.2 (9.9–10.5)	<0.001
2013	342	11.9 (11.5–12.2)	215	11.1 (10.7–11.5)	0.006	198	11.1 (10.7–11.5)	0.007
WOMEN
1991b	301	10.0 (9.7–10.2)	81	10.3 (9.8–10.8)	0.216	-	-	-
1995	220	10.0 (9.7–10.3)	66	10.6 (10.0–11.2)	0.087	-	-	-
2002	1087	11.0 (10.8–11.2)	308	11.0 (10.7–11.2)	0.535	249	11.0 (10.7–11.3)	0.773
2013	706	11.7 (11.5–11.9)	143	12.3 (11.8–12.7)	0.012	127	12.3 (11.9–12.8)	0.009
Relative risk (RR) of current versus non-smoker, 1991–2013^b
			MEN		WOMEN
1. Period			0.78 (0.73–0.83)		0.94 (0.90–0.98)
2. Period and age			0.78 (0.73–0.83)		0.94 (0.90–0.98)
Change in period RR (1–2)^c			0.10%		0.05%
3. Period and age and education			0.81 (0.76–0.87)		0.93 (0.89–0.97)
Change in period RR (2–3)^c			−4.55%		+1.32%

N (number of participants in stratum); Years Education (mean years of education in stratum); 95%CI confidence intervals in brackets next to estimate of mean years of education in each stratum and odds ratio; ^aprevalence data adjusted to the most recent previous census for age group and urban-rural distributions by sex to improve representativeness. ^brelative risk (RR) of being a current versus non-smoker in 1991 compared to 2013; where the RR for current smoker in 1991 is 1.0, and the RR displayed in the table is the RR in 2013. ^cproportional change from the previous model. Current Smoker (daily and non-daily smokers combined); Daily Smoker (consumes ≥1 tobacco product/day); p-values in bold represent statistical significance at p < 0.05. Surveys included in analyses are: 1991b SACRF longitudinal Study [16]; 1995 SCARF Study [16]; 2002 WHO STEPS Survey [17]; 2013 WHO STEPS Survey [13]. Unit record survey data included in the present study were provided by original survey researchers in 2015

ISSN: 1744-8603